A2.2 Cell structure Flashcards
A2.2.1 NOS: Deductive reason can be used to generate predictions from theories. Explain using cell theory as an example
Based on cell theory, a newly discovered organism can be predicted to consist of one or more cells
A2.2.2 AOS: Making temporary mounts of cells and tissues, staining, measuring sizes using an eyepiece graticule, focusing with coarse and fine adjustments, calculating actual size and magnification, producing a scale bar, and taking photographs
A2.2.2 NOS: Measurements using instruments is a form of quantitative observation
A2.2.3 Advantages of electron microscopy
A2.2.3 Advantages of freeze fracture
A2.2.3 Advantages of cryogenic electron microscopy
A2.2.3 Use of fluorescent stains
A2.2.3 Use of immunofluorescence in light microscopy
A2.2.4 Typical cells have _____ as genetic material and _____ composed mainly of water, which is enclosed by a _____ composed of lipids
DNA, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
A2.2.4 Reasons for cell structures
A2.2.5 Prokaryotic cell structures
Cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, naked DNA in a loop, and 70S ribosomes
A2.2.5 Examples of Gram-positive eubacteria
Bacillus, Staphylococcus
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure _____
Varies (not required to know details, e.g. lack of cell walls in phytoplasmas and mycoplasma)
A2.2.6 Components of eukaryote cells
-Plasma membrane enclosing a compartmentalized cytoplasm with 80S ribosomes
-Nucleus with chromosomes made of DNA bound to histones, contained in a double membrane with pores
-Membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and a variety of vesicles or vacuoles including lysosomes
-Cytoskeleton of microtubules and microfilaments
A2.2.7 Processes of life
-Homeostasis
-Metabolism
-Nutrition
-Movement
-Excretion
-Growth
-Response to stimuli
-Reproduction
A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi, and plants
-Presence and composition of cell walls
-Differences in size and function of vacuoles
-Presence of chloroplasts and other plastids
-Presence of centrioles, cilia, and flagella
A2.2.9 Atypical cell structure in eukaryotes
-Number of nuclei
A2.2.9 Examples of atypical cells
-Aseptate fungal hyphae
-Skeletal muscle
-Red blood cells
-Phloem sieve tube elements
A2.2.10 AOS: Identify cells in light and electron micrographs as prokaryotes, plant, or animal
A2.2.10 Identify nucleoid region, prokaryotic cell wall, nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, sap vacuole, Golgi apparatus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, chromosomes, ribosomes, cell wall, plasma membrane, and microvilli, in electron micrographs
A2.2.11 AOS: Draw and annotate diagrams of organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, sap vacuole, Golgi apparatus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and chromosomes) and other cell structures (cell wall, plasma membrane, secretory vesicles, microvilli) in electron micrographs
A2.2.11 Function of nucleus
A2.2.11 Function of mitochondria
A2.2.11 Function of chloroplasts
A2.2.11 Function of sap vacuole
A2.2.11 Function of Golgi apparatus
A2.2.11 Function of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A2.2.11 Function of chromosomes
A2.2.11 Function of cell wall
A2.2.11 Function of plasma membrane
A2.2.11 Function of secretory vesicles
A2.2.11 Function of microvilli
A2.2.12 Evidence suggests that all eukaryotes evolved from a common _____ ancestor that had a _____ and reproduced _____
Unicellular, nucleus, sexually
A2.2.12 Mitochondria evolved by _____
Endosymbiosis
A2.2.12 Evidence of endosymbiosis
-Presence of 70S ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts
-Naked circular DNA
-Ability to replicate
A2.2.12 In some eukaryotes, chloroplasts had an _____ origin
Endosymbiotic
A2.2.12 NOS: Strength of a theory comes from the observations the theory explains and the predictions it supports. Explain using the theory of endosymbiosis as an example
A wide range of observations are accounted for by the theory of endosymbiosis
A2.2.13 The basis for cell differentiation is different patterns of _____ often triggered by changes in the _____
Gene expression, environment
A2.2.14 Multicellularity has evolved _____
Repeatedly
A2.2.14 Many fungi and eukaryotic algae and all plants and animals are _____
Multicellular
A2.2.14 Advantages of multicellularity
-Allows larger body size
-Cell specialization
A2.2 Guiding Q: What are the features common to all cells and the features that differ?
A2.2 Guiding Q: How is microscopy used to investigate cell structure?
A2.2 Linking Q: What explains the use of certain molecular building blocks in all living cells?
A2.2 Linking Q: What are the features of a compelling theory?
