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Small Animal Orthopaedics > A3: Grafting, fractures, ESF > Flashcards

A3: Grafting, fractures, ESF Flashcards

1
Q

Why are open fractures more common on distal limbs?

A

Little soft tissue coverage

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2
Q

What is a grade 1 open fracture?

A

A small wound created by a fragment from the inside, no bone protruding

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3
Q

What is a grade 2 open fracture

A

Outside to inside, soft tissue damage and contusion, but reversible muscle damage and minimal tissue loss

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4
Q

What is a grade 3 open fracture?

A

More severe wound with lots of skin, soft tissue and bone damage

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5
Q

How can you further categorise grade 4 fractures?

A

By soft tissue, periosteal and vascular injury

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6
Q

What is the initial first aid for an open fracture?

A

Stop bleeding, cover with sterile dressing, support the fracture, take radiographs

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7
Q

What do you NOT do to an open fracture?

A

Leave the wound open or manipulate the fracture

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8
Q

In how many fractures is bacterial isolation successful?

A

Below 50%

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9
Q

Where do you take the bacterial culture from?

A

Deep tissue after lavage

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10
Q

Which bacteria cause post-traumatic osteomyelitis?

A

staphs

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11
Q

What do you use to lavage?

A

Large volumes of sterile isotonic fluid

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12
Q

What do you use to debride?

A

Scalpel blade

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13
Q

What’s the advantage of wet to dry dressings?

A

Provide debridement and encourage granulation tissue

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14
Q

What are the advantages of a stable environment for the bone?

A

Better healing, reduced SSI risk

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15
Q

What are the indications for internal fixation?

A

Grade 1, articular fracture, multiple orthopaedic injuries, ESF not possible, poor healing potential

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16
Q

What are the advantages of external fixation?

A

Preserves the soft tissue and haematoma which have important growth factors

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17
Q

Why do you use hanging leg preparation in orthopaedic surgery?

A

Can help align the fractures

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18
Q

How do you perform countertraction to reduce a fracture?

A

Slow force, muscles stretch and fracture reduces

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19
Q

How can you reduce a fracture that is overriding?

A

Use toggling (V shaped contact) for reduction

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20
Q

What’s the disadvantage of toggling?

A

Can cause fissures

21
Q

How do you do Levering of a fracture?

A

Use a Hohman retractor to lever it and reduction forceps

22
Q

What’s one final way to reduce a fracture?

A

A pusher pin with a plate on top

23
Q

Where must the pins in an ESF engage?

A

Must engage two cortices

24
Q

What are the three types of ESF frames?

A

Linear, circular or hybrid

25
Q

How thin must transfixation pins be?

A

Below 33% bone diameter

26
Q

What types of transfixation pins are there?

A

Smooth, threaded, negative profile (Ellis), positive profile (end threaded or centre threaded)

27
Q

Where is the weak point of a negative pin?

A

Where the thread starts - must be inside the bone

28
Q

What are two types of connecting clamps?

A

Kirschner-Ehmer or SK

29
Q

What is a type Ia frame?

A

Unilateral and uniplanar

30
Q

What is a tied-in IM pin?

A

Unilatera, uniplanar, with an IM pin tie-in

31
Q

What is a type Ib frame?

A

Unilateral, but biplanar

32
Q

What kind of pins do unilateral frames have?

A

Half pin as unilateral

33
Q

What is a type 2b ESF?

A

Bilateral, uniplanar

34
Q

What kind of pins do bilateral frames have?

A

Full pin as bilateral

35
Q

What is a type 3 ESF?

A

Bilateral, biplanar

36
Q

When do you use a circular frame (Ilizarov ring)?

A

Angular limb deformities

37
Q

What are the three types of bone graft you can use?

A

Synthetic, autograft, allograft

38
Q

What are the indications for a bone graft?

A

Complex fractures, poor healing potential, filling of bone defect, arthrodesis, intervertebral fusion, delayed or non-union

39
Q

What are the advantages of doing a cancellous bone graft?

A

Provides matrix, releases growth factors, recruits stem cells

40
Q

Where do you take bone grafts from?

A

Pelvis, distal femur, proximal tibia etc

41
Q

When do you take the bone graft?

A

At the point in surgery you need it

42
Q

What are the two types of autografts?

A

Vascularised (with the artery and vein) or non-vascularised

43
Q

What are the three types of union?

A

Bone, clinical or radiographic

44
Q

What is apposition?

A

The fracture fragments

45
Q

What is alignment?

A

Bone and joints

46
Q

What is apparatus?

A

The implants used

47
Q

What is activity?

A

Evidence of healing

48
Q

What is a clinical union?

A

No pain and can use normally

49
Q

What is a radiographic union?

A

Evidence of mineralisation

Small Animal Orthopaedics (10 decks)

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