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Small Animal Orthopaedics > A2: Fracture repair and implants > Flashcards

A2: Fracture repair and implants Flashcards

1
Q

Which fractures are suitable for cage rest?

A

Cancellous, non load-bearing bones which are minimally displaced e.g. pelvis, mandible, spine, scapula

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2
Q

What is external co-aptation?

A

Splint, bandage, cast etc

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3
Q

Which fractures are suitable for external coaptation?

A

Below elbow or stifle, young, minimal displacement, stable fracture, only one bone if a two-bone area

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4
Q

When are IM pins usually used?

A

Auxiliary - not alone

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5
Q

How much do IM pins cost?

A

Cheap

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6
Q

What are two methods of inserting IM pins?

A

Normograde or retrograde

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7
Q

Which method of IM pin insertion is preferred?

A

Normograde, as disturbs fracture site less

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8
Q

How much stability does an IM pin provide?

A

Not much - minimal torsion or axial support

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9
Q

When is IM pin contra-indicated?

A

In radius, as no entry point that doesn’t damage the joint

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10
Q

What three methods do you usually use IM pins in combination with?

A

With a unilateral ESF, or along with a bone plate, or along with an interlocking nail

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11
Q

How can you tell how far you have inserted a pin?

A

Compare another pin of the same size to the outside

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12
Q

What’s the advantage of using an interlocking nail?

A

Prevents rotation and axial collapse (better torsional and axial stability)

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13
Q

What’s another name for an IM pin below 2mm?

A

K wire

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14
Q

What is a long oblique fracture?

A

fracture 2.5x diameter of bone

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15
Q

When applying cerclage wire to a long oblique fracture, how many cerclages should you apply?

A

2

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16
Q

What is the principle of the tension band wire?

A

Active distracting forces are counteracted and converted into compressive forces

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17
Q

What can bone screws be combined with?

A

Plate, interlocking nail, ESF or IM pin

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18
Q

Which bone type can you use plates on?

A

Cancellous

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19
Q

When should you never use bone screws in isolation?

A

Diaphyseal fractures

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20
Q

What is the pitch of a screw?

A

The angle of the threads

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21
Q

Where can you use cortical screws?

A

Diaphyseal bone

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22
Q

What does a cortical screw look like?

A

Fully threaded, shallow threads, flat pitch

23
Q

Why are cortical screws strong?

A

Wide core diameter

24
Q

Where can you use cancellous screws?

A

Epiphyseal or metaphyseal fracture

25
Q

What do cancellous screws look like?

A

Partially or fully threaded, fewer threads per unit length, deep threads

26
Q

Why are cancellous screws weak?

A

Narrow core diameter

27
Q

When do you use locking screws?

A

With locking plates

28
Q

What does a locking screws look like?

A

Threaded head, narrowest pitch

29
Q

What do lag screws do?

A

Join and compress two pieces of bone e.g. in articular fractures

30
Q

What are three functions bone plates can perform?

A

Compression, neutralisation, bridging

31
Q

Which plate can perform which function?

A

Any can do any

32
Q

Which fractures would you put a compressive plate on?

A

Transverse, short oblique below 45 degrees, or osteotomies

33
Q

What are three advantages gained by using a compressive plate?

A

Friction increases stability, primary bone healing, load sharing between bone and implant

34
Q

How do plates compress?

A

By closing fracture gap as screws are tightened

35
Q

Which is the tension side of the femur?

A

Lateral

36
Q

Which is the tension side of the tibia?

A

Cranial or medial

37
Q

Which is the tension side of the humerus?

A

Cranial or lateral

38
Q

Which is the tension side of the radius

A

Craniomedial or cranial

39
Q

Which force side do you apply the plate to?

A

The tension side to convert this into compression (dynamic compression)

40
Q

What is neutralisation?

A

Reconstructing a bone to anatomical shape by lag screws or wire

41
Q

What is “bridging”?

A

Joining up the fragments of an unreconstructable fracture

42
Q

Which forces can IM pins withstand?

A

Bending a little

43
Q

Which forces can an IN nail withstand?

A

All, mainly torsion and compression

44
Q

Which forces can ESF withstand?

A

All, mainly bending

45
Q

Which forces can plate withstand?

A

All, but bending least

46
Q

What is a DCP?

A

Dynamic compression plate

47
Q

What kind of compression can you do with a DCP?

A

Static

48
Q

What is an LCP?

A

Locking compression plate

49
Q

What do you use an LCP with standard screws for?

A

Interfragmental or axial compression

50
Q

What do you use an LCP with locking screws for?

A

stable plate-screw connection without loss of

reduction, regardless of plate modelling

51
Q

What do you use reconstruction plates for?

A

To contour in three planes e.g. pelvic or mandibular fracture

52
Q

What’s the disadvantage of reconstruction plates?

A

Weak

53
Q

What are veterinary cuttable plates for?

A

Long bones of cats, MTs, MCs

54
Q

What are cuttable plates NOT for?

A

Compression of fracture

Small Animal Orthopaedics (10 decks)

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