A2 LOSS CAUSATION AND INCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Question 1

A2.1 ACCIDENT/INCIDENT RATION STUDIES, THEIR USE AND LIMITATIONS

Answer 1

1

Question 2

A2.1 DOMINO AND MULTI-CAUSALITY THEORIES, IMMEDIATE AND UNDERLYING CAUSES

Answer 2

1

Question 3

A2.1 LATENET AND ACTIVE FAILURES - REASONS MODEL OF ACCIDENT CAUSATION

Answer 3

1

Question 4

A2.2 METHODS OF CALCULATING LOSS RATES FROM RAW DATA, ACCIDENT/INCIDENT FREQUENCY RATE, ACCIDENT INCIDENT RATE, ACCIDENT SEVERITY RATE, ILL HEALTH PREVALENCE RATE

Answer 4

1

Question 5

A2.2 THE APPLICATION AND LIMITATION OF SIMPLE STATISTICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF PATTERNS AND TRENDS

Answer 5

1

Question 6

A2.2 PRESENTING AND INTERPRETING LOSS EVENT DATA IN GRAOHICAL AND NUMERICAL FORMAT, USING EXAMPLESOF HISTOGRAMS, PIE CHARDS AND LINE GRAPHS

Answer 6

1

Question 7

A2.2 PRINCIPLES OF STATISTICAL VARIABILITY, VALIDITY AND THE USE OF DISTRIBUTIONS (EG SAMPLING A POPULATION, ERRORS IN DATA)

Answer 7

1

Question 8

A2.3 RIDDOR

STATUTORY REPORTING REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES

Answer 8

REPORTING OF INJURIES, DISEASES AND DANGEROUS OCCURANCES REGLUATION 1995

Question 9

A2.3 INTERNAL REPORTING AND RECORDING SYSTEMS

Answer 9

1

Question 10

A2.4 LOSS INVESTIGATIONS

IMPLIED LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

Answer 10

Outline of purposes of loss investigation to include discovery of underlying causes, root cause analysis, prevention of recurrence, legal liability, data gathering and identification of trends with models such as the UK Health and Safety Executive HSG245.

Question 11

A2.4 PURPOSES OF INVESTIGATION INCLUDING
DISCOVERY OF UNDERLYING CAUSES
PREVENTION OF RECURRENCE
LEGAL LIABILITY
DATA GATHERING
INDENTIFICATION OF TRENDS

Answer 11

1

Question 12

A2.4 INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES AND METHODOLOGIES TO INCLUDE
ACCIDENT/ INCDENT REPORT FORMS
GATHERING OF RELEVANT INFORMATION
INTERVIEWING WITNESSES
ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION
INVOLVEMENT OF MANAGER, SUPERVISORS, EMPLOYEES’ REPRESENTATIVES AND OTHER IN THE INVESTIGATION PROCESS

Answer 12

Description of investigation procedures and methodologies to include incident report forms, gathering of relevant information, interviewing witnesses, analysis of information, and the involvement of managers, supervisors, workers’ representatives and others in the investigation process.

Question 13

A2.4 COMMUNICATIONS WITH A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON REMIDIAL ACTIONS AND LESSONS LEARNT

Answer 13

1

Question 14

A2.4 ROOT CASUE ANALYSIS METHODS SUCH AS FAULT TREE ANLYSIS AS INVESTGATIVE TOOLS

Answer 14

1

Question 15

Why are accident investigations carried out

Answer 15

Accident investigations are carried out to.

To identify the immediate root causes of the incident - incidents are usually caused by unsafe acts and unsafe conditions in the workplace, but these often arise from underlying root causes.

To identify corrective actions that will prevent a recurrence - The main reason for investigating.

Question 16

What are the four steps in the investigation process

Answer 16

The four steps in the investigation process are.

Step 1:
Gather factual information about the event.

Step 2:
Analyse that information and draw conclusions about the immediate and root causes.

Step 3:
Identify suitable corrective measures.

Step 4:
Plan the remedial actions.

Question 17

Identify the categories of staff who might be considered useful members of an internal accident investigation team

Answer 17

A simple investigation might be carried out by the line manager of the area; a more detailed investigation often involves a team of investigators that might include

• A safety specialist
• Senior managers
• A technical specialist
• A worker representative

Offshore investigating teams may also include installation specialists from services such as drilling, well services, maintenance, process, and deck crews.

Question 18

List the types of documentation which might be consulted during an accident investigation

Answer 18

Various documents may be examined during an accident investigation, such as:

Company policy

Risk assessments

Training records

Safe systems of work

Permits-to-work

Maintenance records

Disciplinary records

Internal incident report forms

Log book entries

Computer printouts relevant to the situation

Question 19

What are the two categories of immediate cause of accidents/incidents

Answer 19

Immediate causes are the unsafe acts and unsafe conditions that gave rise to the event itself.

These will be the things that occurred at the time and place of the accident.

For example a worker slips on a patch of oil spilt on the floor

Immediate causes:

The slip hazard = unsafe condition
The worker walking through it = unsafe act

Question 20

A worker has been hit by a reversing vehicle in a loading bay.

List possible immediate causes and root causes

Answer 20

Immediate causes for such an accident might be:
• Failure to secure the load on the pallet
• Poor road positioning of the truck close to a pedestrian exit
• Aggressive breaking by the truck driver
• An inattentive pedestrian stepping out in front of the truck

On investigation each of these immediate causes might have their own separate root causes such as:

• No training for the driver, who is new to the workplace, has not worked with this type of load before and is unaware of the load securing techniques required
• Lack of segregation of pedestrian and traffic routes; no barriers and no markings to separate the two
• Lack of proper driver induction into the new workplace so they are unaware of the layout and position of pedestrian exits, etc.
• Poor maintenance of the truck
• No refresher training for existing staff, meaning that experienced staff become complacent

Question 21

POWERS OF INSPECTORS

Answer 21

Powers of inspectors

Require Statements

Authorise Others (Police etc)

Inspect a Copy

Samples (Take)

Enter Premises

Direct Leave Undisturbed

Take Possession of Anything

Examine and Investigate

Any Other Power Necessary

Provide Assistance, Records, Information or Facilities

Order Testing

Take Photos/Measurements/Recordings

Serve Notices - Improvement or Prohibition

Question 22

Identify the categories of staff who might be considered useful members of an internal accident investigation team

Answer 22

A simple investigation might be carried out by the line manager of the area; a more detailed investigation often involves a team of investigators that might include

• A safety specialist
• Senior managers
• A technical specialist
• A worker representative

Offshore investigating teams may also include installation specialists from services such as drilling, well services, maintenance, process, and deck crews.

Question 23

What are the two categories of immediate cause of accidents/incidents

Answer 23

Immediate causes are the unsafe acts and unsafe conditions that gave rise to the event itself.

These will be the things that occurred at the time and place of the accident.

For example a worker slips on a patch of oil spilt on the floor

Immediate causes:

The slip hazard = unsafe condition
The worker walking through it = unsafe act

Question 24

A worker has been hit by a reversing vehicle in a loading bay.

List possible immediate causes and root causes

Answer 24

Immediate causes for such an accident might be:

• Failure to secure the load on the pallet
• Poor road positioning of the truck close to a pedestrian exit
• Aggressive breaking by the truck driver
• An inattentive pedestrian stepping out in front of the truck

On investigation each of these immediate causes might have their own separate root causes such as:

• No training for the driver, who is new to the workplace, has not worked with this type of load before and is unaware of the load securing techniques required
• Lack of segregation of pedestrian and traffic routes; no barriers and no markings to separate the two
• Lack of proper driver induction into the new workplace so they are unaware of the layout and position of pedestrian exits, etc.
• Poor maintenance of the truck
• No refresher training for existing staff, meaning that experienced staff become complacent