A1.2 Human Development SPMM Qs Flashcards
According to Thomas and Chess study, what percentage of children are considered to be ‘difficult’?
Select one: 25% 40% 60% 10% 1%
The correct answer is: 10%
Temperament refers to a relatively small number of simple, non-cognitive, non-motivational stylistic features of behaviour. Generally accepted aspects of temperament are emotionality, activity and sociability. Thomas and Chess differentiated temperament from motivation, personality and abilities as a response to external stimulus, opportunity, demand or expectation. The social context may intensify or minimise the expression of temperamental features, the influence of temperament on the environment is bi-directional. According to 1963 New York Longitudinal Study - easy children-40%, difficult children-10%, slow to warm up-15%.
Precocious puberty is suspected in girls before the age of
Select one: 9 8 10 7 11
The correct answer is: 8
Precocious puberty is suspected in boys before age 9, and girls before age 8.
Social stress is a puberty accelerator, with familial disruption and father absenteeism, being one of the most effective stressors.
In UK the average age of onset of puberty in males is 11.2 years; for females it is 11 years. Menarche on average is at 12.5 years for females. There has been a decline in western countries in the age of menarche over the last century from 16 in the 1860s to around 13 in the 1960s. This secular trend is thought to be due to the improved nutritional status of the society in general
What percentage of patients eventually achieve level 3 post-conventional morality, described by Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Select one: 100 15 5 5 50
The correct answer is: 15
Level 3 post-conventional moralities cannot be considered a part of the normal or expected codes of development and instead represents a philosophical ideal.
Only 15% eventually achieve level 3.
Formal operational thought is necessary but not sufficient to achieve level 3 morality.
Around 18 months of age, what percentage of infants has multiple attachments?
Select one: 87 18 50 3 5
The correct answer is: 87
By their first birthday, children do form attachments with more than one familiar figure. This includes father, siblings, grandparents and others.
But it is shown that multiple attachments are the rule rather than exception.
Around 18m, 87% infants have multiple attachments;
50% primarily attached to the mother, 18% to the father and the rest to equally both.
Attachment process itself is more important than who the attachment figure is.
Which of the following is a normal stage of grief?
Select one: Ambivalence Anger Bargaining Mourning Protest
The correct answer is: Protest
Stages of grief (Erich Lindemann)
- studied 101 bereaved people and published in 1944, an article titled “Symptomology and Management of Acute Grief”.
- Set pattern of reaction to a loss event (grief): After an unexpected death, there is an initial:
1) shock that lasts 10-14 days.
2) Period of intense sadness, and the grieving person may withdraw from social contact.
3) Next comes anger, as the grieving person seems to ‘protest’; the unexpected death.
4) Finally, within a year or so, the grief is resolved, and the person returns to normal.
Which period refers to the autistic phase of Margaret Mahler’s stages of child’s early development?
Select one: 6-36 months 12-24 months 0-2 months 6-12 months 2-6 Months
The correct answer is: 0-2 months
Mahler’s theory for the developmental Phase is as follows:
1) Autistic Phase: first 1 to 2 months - The infant is oblivious to everything but him/herself.
2) Symbiotic Phase: Next 4 to 5 months. He/she begins to recognise others in his/her universe, not as separate beings, but as extensions of oneself.
Stranger fear peaks at
Select one: 1 year 0-3 months 5-8 years 3-6 months 2-3 years
The correct answer is: 1 year
Infants develop a fear of strangers when they are around 6 months of age and it peaks at around 12-18 months of age. Fear of strangers declines after the age of three years.
Separation anxiety starts at 1 year of age and child shows rapproachment (hugs when coming back) by 18 months.
The strange situation procedure is designed for use with children between the ages of
Select one: 6 months and 1 year 18 months and 2 years 1 month and 6 months 1 year and 18 months 2 years and 3 years
The correct answer is: 1 year and 18 months
The strange situation procedure (SSP) developed by Mary Ainsworth in 1978 has become the standard method of assessing the security of an infant’s attachment to the caregiver, which is usually the mother.
It is mainly designed for children between 12 and 18 months.
Average age of puberty in boys is
Select one: 8-9 years 9-10 years 14-15 years 10-11 years 11-12 years
The correct answer is: 11-12 years
Currently in UK the average age of puberty is 11-12 years in boys; slightly lower in girls.
Three infants aged 3 months, 5 months and 12 months are present in a room with their mothers. When all three mothers attempt to leave the room, which of the following might happen?
Select one:
- 5-months-old infant will cry
- All three infants will cry
- Depends on the degree of attachment
- 12-months-old infant will cry
- 3-months-old infant will cry
The correct answer is: 12-months-old infant will cry
Separation anxiety is seen at around age 12 months. This vignette is not about the security of attachment as children, irrespective of the degree of attachment, will show some separation anxiety.
Attachment behaviour typically peaks between
Select one: 5 and 7 months of age 6 and 12 months of age 12 and 18 months of age 36 and 48 months of age 7 and 9 months of age
The correct answer is: 12 and 18 months of age
Attachment behaviour is that displayed by the infant towards the attachment figure usually but not necessarily the mother.
In the first few months, an infant orientates without discrimination.
By 5-7 months, the infant preferentially orientates and signals to discriminated persons.
Separation protest is observable by 7-9 months.
By 9 months, the onset of attachment and stranger anxiety could be seen.
Attachment behaviour peaks between 12-18 months,
and lessens by school age where the relationship is based more on abstract considerations such as affection, approval rather than on proximity maintenance.
Fears of rejection by peer group peaks around the age of
Select one: 10 years 15 years 21 years 17 years 7 years
The correct answer is: 15 years
Themes of anxiety and fears of rejection by friends
- starts by 11 to 13,
- peaks by 15 years and then
- declines by 17 years (the effect being stronger for girls than boys)
A child can use meaningful words without connecting words. Identify the possible age of the child.
Select one: 18-30 months More than 30 months 12-18 months More than 60 months 0-12 months
The correct answer is: 18-30 months.
Telegraphic speech is seen where meaningful words are used without connecting words.
At this stage adults interact with children in a motherese - short simple raised pitch paraphrased language directed at infants.
At about 24 months, children can produce grammatically paired words and achieve vocabulary for more than 240 words.
Gender identity in a normally growing child develops around
Select one: 2 years of age 4 years of age Puberty Early schooling 1 year of age
The correct answer is: 2 years of age.
Gender identity refers to the unshakable self-conviction of being male or female that begins around 18 months and gets fixed by 24 to 30 months.
The theory of mind, the ability to conceptualize false beliefs, develops around
Select one: 4 years of age 5 years of age 3 years of age 2 years of age 6 years of age
The correct answer is: 4 years of age
In the early 80s, psychologists H. Wimmer and J. Perner showed that a full-fledged Theory of Mind doesn’t develop before the age of 4 in most children
According to Margaret Mahler, the separation individuation phase lasts from
Select one:
- 2 to 5 months
- 5 months to 5 years
- 10 to 18 months
- 0 to 2 months
- 18 to 24 months
Separation-individuation phase lasts from 5 months to 5 years of age.
It is further subdivided into;
a) Differentiation sub-phase: (5 to 10m) slowly appreciates the difference between mother and self
b) Practicing sub-phase: (10 to 18m) gradual increase in interest on the environment; practices exploration.
C) Rapprochement sub-phase: (18 to 24m) Alternating drives to be autonomous and dependent; Able to explore alone but requires comfort and reassurance on return.
D) Object constancy sub-phase: (2 to 5yrs) Understand that the mother will not be lost if temporarily away; hence able to function independently
A boy was observed to be speaking in fully formed grammatical sentences similar to adult speech with his mother. By what age is this milestone generally achieved?
Select one: 5 years 1 year 6 months 3 years 2 years
The correct answer is: 5y
Cooing- 2m;
Babbling (gaga, dada)- 6m (4-10m);
One-word stage (mamma, doggie)- 1y (10-18m);
Two word stage (mummy go, daddy go)- 2y (18-24m);
Basic adult grammatical sentence- 3y;
Adult speech- 5y.
In a typically developing child, babbling is seen by what age?
Select one: 6 weeks 9-10 months 6 months 3 months 12 months
The correct answer is: 6m
‘Cooing’ by 6w
Babbling by 6m
Spontaneous babbling refers to the situation when the child enjoys making these sounds alone. All babies around the same age, irrespective of the culture, start babbling. Even the deaf babies of the deaf mute parents start marbling, but, unfortunately, the deaf babies stop babbling at 9-10 months.
Visual acuity reaches near adult levels by
Select one: 2 months of age 4 months of age 12 months of age 1 month of age 6 months of age
The correct answer is: 6m
At birth, Vision is the least developed of the senses, presumably because there is little opportunity for it in utero;
the acuity if newborn is around 20/300.
Newborns can see faces at a distance of 10 to 20 inches, the distance at which mother hold their babies.
At birth, infants can track and scan objects, can discriminate levels of brightness, able to fix objects, fixed focus at about 20 cm, figure-ground discrimination.
At 1month- differentiate faces; preference shown for complex stimuli.
2 months - possesses depth perception, prefers 3 dimensional rather than 2 dimensional representations of a face.
At 4 months - colour vision and accommodation.
At 6 months-accurate acuity (6:6). Visual acuity reaches near adult levels by 6 months and is complete by 3 years.
The age at which Erikson’s stage of industry vs. inferiority is seen:
Select one: 9-19 years 4 - 5 years 30-50 years 6 to 11 years 3 - 4 years
The correct answer is: 6-11y
Erikson’s fourth stage, Industry vs. Inferiority, occurs between six years and puberty.
This is the period in which the child wants to enter the larger world of knowledge and work e.g. a school.
Erikson said that successful experiences give the child a sense of industry, a feeling of competence and mastery, while failure gives them a sense of inadequacy and inferiority, a feeling that one is a good-for-nothing.
What is the most sensitive period for development of attachment behaviour in human beings?
Select one: 6 to 18 months 3 to 6 months 1 to 3 months 3 to 5 years 18 months to 3 years
The correct answer is: 6-18m
According to Bowlby, attachment develops in the latter part of infancy, in the period from six to eighteen months.
Attachment behaviour peaks between 12-18 months. After this period, the attachment gets stabilized, and disruption of the bond is likely to lead to deleterious effects.
Although infancy may be the optimal time to develop attachment, it has been shown that children adopted at four years are also capable of developing long lasting attachment to their adoptive parents (Tizard and Hodges 1978).
In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, the concrete operational stage lasts from
Select one: 12 years and above 18 years and above Birth to 2 years 2 to 7 years 7-12 years
Concrete operational stage lasts from about 7 to 12 years.
- can think logically about objects and events.
- conservation of mass (age 7) and weight (age 9).
- can classify objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension e.g. size.
- able to perform operations such as those involved in comprehending the laws of conservation.
A child plays peek-a-boo games with his mother. At what age is this game first understood and enjoyed by the child?
Select one: 6 months of age 3 years or age 3 months of age 18 months of age 9 months of age
Peek-a-boo = 9m
Object permanence starts by 9 months.
It is an understanding that objects that disappear from the field of perception has not ceased to exist; if searched for this object can be found.
Hence, peek-a-boo games are understood and enjoyed. Initially, this is limited as hidden objects are searched at where they were last seen (around 9-12 months); not at where they were hidden. Around 18 months, invisible displacements are inferred, and object permanence is completed.
Which of the following is INCORRECT concerning child development?
Select one:
A 2 years old child can speak more than 50 words
A child starts babbling at 3 months of age
A 4 years old child speaks with correct grammar
A 5 years old child can tell time by quarter of an hour accuracy
A 12 months old child can speak up to 3 words
The correct answer is: A 5 years old child can tell time by quarter of an hour accuracy (IS INCORRECT)
- Reception class children (4-5y) begin to read the time to the hour,
- Yr 1 children (5-6y) should be able to read the time to the hour or the half hour on analogue clocks
- Yr 2 children (6-7y) should be able to read the time to the hour, half hour or quarter hour on analogue clocks.
