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SPMM PART A > A1.1 Basic Psychology PsychMentor > Flashcards

A1.1 Basic Psychology PsychMentor Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is suggested by the bystander effect theory?

Females are most likely to intervene in a crisis
A small number of witnesses predicts a higher chance of intervention
Females tend to help more in a crisis situation
A person is most likely to help in a crisis situation if there are a large number of people present to provide support
People of the same race are more likely to help each other than those of different races
A

A small number of witnesses predicts a higher chance of intervention.

The bystander effect (aka the Genovese Effect).

Bystanders are less likely to help if:-

  • There are many other people
  • Perpetrators are present
  • The costs of intervention were physical (rather than non-physical)
  • When the situation is perceived as dangerous

Bystanders are more likely to help if:-

  • They are male
  • When the bystanders are not strangers
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2
Q

A psychiatrist passes the MRCPsych exam having based their revision solely on previous exam MCQs. Alternatively, another psychiatrist who has based their revision on text books fails the same exam despite having gained vast knowledge. This is an example of which of the following?

	Hawthorne effect
	Interloper effect
	Practice effect
	Halo effect
	Forer effect
A

There is a time and a place for indulging in textbooks, and it’s not when trying to pass the MRCPsych exam!

The College clearly likes this question that we wrote as it has started appearing on the exam. Remeber you saw it here first!

The Hawthorne effect refers to the way subjects behave differently if they know they are being observed.

The halo effect is a cognitive bias whereby the perception of one trait is influenced by the perception of another trait. For example assuming someone with glasses is intelligent.

The Forer effect attempts to explain practices such as astrology. It is the observation that people will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people.

The interloper effect is the tendency to value third party consultation as objective.

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3
Q

Which study involved the intentional administration of hepatitis to children with learning disabilities?

	Willowbrook Study
	Stanford prison experiment
	Milgram experiment
	Tearoom Trade study
	Tuskegee Studies
A

The Willowbrook School Study

The Willowbrook school was a state supported institution for children with learning difficulties located in New York.

During the 1960s a study was carried out there which involved the inoculation of healthy children with hepatitis and the subsequent administration of gamma globulin to assess for its potential to treat the disorder.

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4
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the structural model of the mind?

	The ego is completely conscious
	The Id operates on the reality principle
	The super ego contains the ego ideal
	It was suggested by Carl Jung
	The super ego is fully formed at birth
A

The super ego contains the ego ideal.

The Id is the area that contains the instinctive drives. It operates under primary process thinking, acts according to the pleasure principle, and is without a sense of time.

The ego attempts to modify the drives from the Id with external reality. It operates on the reality principle. It has aspects that are conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. It is home to the defenses mechanisms.

The super ego constantly observes a person and acts as critical agency. Freud claimed it developed from internalised values of a child’s main carers. The ego ideal is part of the super ego and represents ideal attitudes and behaviour. It is useful to think of the super ego as the conscience.

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5
Q

Which of the following operates on the reality principle?

	Consciousness
	Super ego
	Id
	Ego
	Preconscious system
A

Ego.

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6
Q

According to Freud, which of the following is true regarding the Id?

It is ruled by the reality principle
It has no sense of time
Together with the ego they comprise the conscience
It operates on secondary process thinking
It suppresses the desires of the ego
A

Id

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7
Q

Which of the following types of group are most prone to groupthink?

	Collaborative
	Confrontational
	Homogeneous
	Informal
	Self-directed
A
  • Homogeneous.

The term groupthink was coined by Irving Janis in 1972.

Groupthink is a phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an incorrect or deviant decision-making outcome.

Group members try to minimise conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative ideas or viewpoints.

Several conditions must take place for groupthink to occur . The group must be isolated from outside influences. Group loyalty prevents individuals from raising controversial issues of alternative solutions. There is a loss of individual creativity and independent thinking. The group experiences the “illusion of invulnerability,” an inflated certainty that the right decision has been made. Typically the group is under a high level of pressure to make a decision, and it lacks an impartial leader. These factors can lead a group to make a catastrophically bad decision.

Symptoms of groupthink include:

Illusion of invulnerability
Belief in inherent morality of the group
Collective rationalisation
Stereotypes of 'out-groups'
Self-censorship
Illusion of unanimity - assuming that people who remain silent agree with the majority view
Direct pressure on dissenters
Self-appointed mind guards - protecting the group from outside info that challenges the groups view of itself

Several interventions can help reduce groupthink:

Leaders should allow each member to challenge ideas and present objections
Members should talk about and solicit ideas with people outside the group
Outside Experts should be invite to attend meetings
Avoid expressing opinions about the preferred outcome
Assign ‘Devil’s Advocate’ at all meetings to challenge any and all ideas

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8
Q

Which of the following is not a core component of language?

	Syntax
	Pragmatics
	Semantics
	Phonology
	Subversion
A
  • Subversion.

The four core components of language are: Semantics, Syntax, Pragmatics, Phonology

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9
Q

‘The Myth of Mental Illness’ was written by which of the following?

	Cooper
	Szasz
	Laing
	Foucault
	Goffman
A

Thomas Szasz - The myth of mental illness.

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10
Q

Books by Michel Foucault

A

Michel Foucault -

Madness and civilization

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11
Q

Books by Sigmund Freud

A

Sigmund Freud:

1- The interpretation of dreams
2- Beyond the Pleasure Principle
3- The Psychopathology of everyday life

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12
Q

Books by Thomas Szasz

A

Thomas Szasz:

The myth of mental illness

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13
Q

Books by Erving Goffman

A

Erving Goffman
Asylums:

1- The Presentation of 2- Self in Everyday Life

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14
Q

Books by Ronald Laing

A

Ronald Laing:

The divided self

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15
Q

Books by Emile Durkheim.

A

Emile Durkheim:

  • Le suicide
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16
Q

Books by Tom Main

A

Tom Main:

  • The Ailment
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17
Q

Book by Jerome Frank

A

Jerome Frank:

  • Persuasion and Healing
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18
Q

Book by George Brown and Tirril Harris

A

George Brown and Tirril Harris:

  • Social origins of depression
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19
Q

A patient is prescribed an antidepressant by her psychiatrist. 6 weeks later they feel better and conclude that depression must have a biological cause. Which of the following is illustrated by this scenario?

	Confirmation bias
	Intervention-causation fallacy
	Butterfly effect
	Fundamental attribution error
	Biopsychosocial model
A

Intervention-causation fallacy

refers to the erroneous assumption that a cure proves a cause

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20
Q

Which of the following declarations provides guidence for doctors treating people on hunger strike?

	Declaration of Malta
	Declaration of Helsinki
	Declaration of Geneva
	Declaration of Tokyo
	Declaration of Ottawa
A

Declaration of Malta

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21
Q

Declaration of Geneva.

A

Declaration of Geneva.

Revision of Hippocratic Oath.

Following Nazi war crimes.

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22
Q

Declaration of Helsinki.

A

Declaration of Helsinki.

Ethical principles for human medical research.

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23
Q

Declaration of Tokyo.

A

Declaration of Tokyo.

Doctors should refuse to participate in, condone, or give permission for torture, degradation, or cruel treatment of prisoners or detainees.

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24
Q

Declaration of Lisbon.

A

Declaration of Lisbon.

Patient rights.

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25
Q

Declaration of Ottawa.

A

Declaration of Ottawa.

Optimal child health.

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26
Q

Which of the following is used to test the frontal lobe function of abstraction?

	Verbal fluency
	Wisconsin card sorting test
	Cognitive estimates
	Alternating sequences
	Stroop test
A

Cognitive estimates

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27
Q

Frontal lobe test for:

Initiation

A

Function: Initiation

Test: Verbal and categorical fluency

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28
Q

Frontal lobe test for:

Abstraction

A

Function: Abstraction.

Tests: Proverbs, similarities, cognitive estimates

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29
Q

Frontal lobe test for:

Problem solving and decision making

A

Function: Problem solving and decision making

Tests: Tower of London, Cambridge stockings, gambling tasks

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30
Q

Frontal lobe test for:

Response inhibition and set shifting

A

Function: Response inhibition and set shifting

Tests: Alternating sequences, go-no-go test, Luria motor test, trail making test, Wisconsin card sorting test, Stroop test

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31
Q

The central feature of virtue theory is

	The nature of life
	The consequences to society
	The beliefs of an individual
	The benefit to society
	The character of the person
A

The character of the person

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32
Q

According to this theory, an event causes physiological arousal first. You must then identify a reason for this arousal and then you are able to experience and label the emotion.

A

Singer-Schachter theory

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33
Q

This theory states that a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal. In other words, you must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion.

A

Lazarus theory

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34
Q

This theory proposed that when an event happens, one feels an emotion at the same time as physiological changes

A

Cannon-Bard theory

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35
Q

A man is walking down a dark ally. He hears footsteps, his heart starts to beat faster, and his breathing deepens. At the same time as experiencing theses physiological changes he experiences fear. Which emotional theory is this consistent with?

	Attributional theory
	Singer-Schachter theory
	Lazarus theory
	Cannon-Bard theory
	James-Lange theory
A

Cannon-Bard theory

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36
Q

Which of the following is credited with the introduction of trait theory?

	Allport
	Freud
	Rogers
	Skinner
	Festinger
A

Allport:

Cardinal, Central and Secondary traits.

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37
Q

Premack’s principle states that

Anxiety about a situation is directly linked to perceived lack of ability to control it
High frequency behaviours can be used to reinforce low frequency behaviour
Learning takes place by the observation of others
The more people observe a person in need of help the less likely it is anyone will actually offer the help
People have a natural tendency to assume that others mistakes result from personality flaws rather than circumstances
A

High frequency behaviours can be used to reinforce low frequency behaviour

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38
Q

The move away from institutionalised care for people with learning disability towards a life that consists of a more normal experience is referred to as what.

	Community focussed care
	Validation
	Empathy based management
	Normalisation
	The reduced stigma model
A

Normalisation

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39
Q

In which of the following studies investigated obedience and authority and help to explain the actions of people in Nazi Germany?

	Rosenhan experiment
	Milgrams' experiment
	Tuskegee experiment
	Beecher's study
	Stanford prison experiments
A

Milgrams’ experiment.

Milgram was interested in authority and obedience and devised a study to investigate this.

The participants were told that they were participating in research on the effects of punishment using an electric shock on memory.

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40
Q

Pragnanz is the central law of which of the following braches of psychology?

	Structuralism
	Gestalt psychology
	Psychodynamic psychotherapy
	Behaviourism
	Social psychology
A

Gestalt psychology.

Willhelm Wundt - founder of structuralism.

Pragnanz - This is the central law that states that ‘every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible’.

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41
Q

Which of the following is associated with the anti-psychiatry movement?

	Bion
	Szasz
	Deniker
	Kane
	Erickson
A

Szasz.

book - The myth of mental illness

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42
Q

Which of the following is suggested by the catharsis hypothesis?

That inducing vomiting can help reduce feelings of anxiety
That providing therapy to an angry patient can induce feelings of aggression in the therapist
That engaging in violent fantasies can cause a person to become violent
That watching violent films can result in an increase of aggressive impulses in the observer
That participating in violent sports such as boxing can provide a means if discharging feelings of anger
A

That participating in violent sports such as boxing can provide a means if discharging feelings of anger

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43
Q

Which of the following is used to assess a persons ability to think abstractly?

	Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
	Sach's sentence completion test
	Clock Drawing test
	Goldstein-Scheerer Object Sort Test
	Rorschach ink blot test
A

Goldstein-Scheerer Object Sort Test.

used to assess abstract/concrete thinking and how well concepts are formed.

The patient is required to sort objects by colour or material, and copy block patterns with coloured cubes.

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44
Q

Which of the following describes the code of ethical recommendations used currently to guide clinical research worldwide?

	Helsinki declaration
	Mt Sinai declaration
	Nuremburg Code
	Tuskegee code
	GMC guidance
A

Helsinki declaration.

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45
Q

Consequentialism is another term for which of the following?

	Deontology
	Beneficence
	Kantianism
	Teleology
	Virtue ethics
A

Teleology

Utilitarianism is an example

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46
Q

The basic ethical principals

A 
Basic ethical principles: 
1 - Autonomy
2 - Beneficence
3 - Non-maleficence
4 - Justice
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47
Q

Which of the following terms is used in classical rather than operant conditioning?

	Punishment
	Stimulus
	Reward
	Shaping
	Fixed-ratio schedule
A

Stimulus.

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48
Q

A consultant psychiatrist attends the ward for an interview with a new patient. The patients had been very chaotic until she arrived but settled down immediately in fear that she might suspend their leave. The consultant incorrectly concluded that the patients were settled throughout the day. This is an example of which of the following?

	Interloper effect
	Hawthorne effect
	Halo effect
	Forer effect
	Practice effect
A

Hawthorne

form of observer bias

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49
Q

Which of the following suggests a nightmare rather than a night terror?

	Occurs early in sleep
	Significant associated autonomic arousal
	Occurs in REM sleep
	Occurs in children
	Complete amnesia following it
A

Occurs in REM sleep.

Nightmare:

  • partial recall
  • in REM
  • Late in sleep
  • minimal autonomic arousal.

Night terror:

  • no recall
  • Stage 4
  • Early
  • significant autonomic arousal.
  • age 3-12, mostly 3-4. M=F.
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50
Q

Behavioural activation is primarily aimed at treating which of the following?

	PTSD
	Sexual fetishism
	Depression
	Autism
	Schizophrenia
A

Depression.

Behavioural activation is a formal therapy for depression which focuses on activity scheduling to encourage patients to approach activities that they are avoiding and on analysing the function of cognitive processes (e.g. rumination) that serve as a form of avoidance.

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51
Q

Cognitive dissonance refers to information that is

	Difficult to retain
	Hard to believe
	In more than one sensory formats
	Vital to survival
	Contradictory to an individual's beliefs
A

Contradictory to an individual’s beliefs.

Cognitive Dissonance - Festinger.

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52
Q

Which of the following developed the theory of classical conditioning?

	Pavlov
	Ellis
	Skinner
	Bandura
	Watson
A

Pavlov

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53
Q

Procedural memory is a subset of which of the following types of memory?

	Declarative
	Implicit
	Working
	Episodic
	Semantic
A

Implicit

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54
Q

Learning that results from the consequences of behaviours is called

	Positive conditioning
	Counter conditioning
	Operant conditioning
	Avoidance conditioning
	Classical conditioning
A

Operant conditioning

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55
Q

Which of the following is defined as a sign of disgrace or discredit that sets a person apart from others?

	Labelling
	Discrimination
	Stigma
	Prejudice
	Stereotype
A

Stigma.

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56
Q

Which of the following argued against the idea that intelligence could be measured by a single factor and suggested there were seven independent primary abilities?

	Binet
	Thurstone
	Murray
	Wechsler
	Spearman
A

Thurstone

Primary abilities:
1- Word fluency
2- Verbal comprehension
3- Spatial visualization
4- Number facility
5- Associative memory
6- Reasoning
7- Perceptual speed
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57
Q

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is called

	A conditioned response
	An unconditioned response
	An unconditioned stimulus
	A conditioned stimulus
	None of the above
A

An unconditioned response

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58
Q

A patient with dementia struggles to recall the details of his wedding. Which of the following areas of his memory is affected?

	Working
	Semantic
	Procedural
	Implicit
	Episodic
A

Episodic

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59
Q

Which of the following is not one of the big five personality traits?

	Generosity
	Agreeableness
	Extraversion
	Conscientiousness
	Neuroticism
A

Generosity.

Big 5 = OCEAN

  • Openness to experience
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism (aka emotional stability)
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60
Q

The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test is used to assess which of the following?

	Personality
	Language
	Attitude
	Risk
	Memory
A

Memory

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61
Q

TESTS

Premorbid intelligence

A

TESTS

Premorbid intelligence

National Adult Reading Test (NART)

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62
Q

TESTS

Intelligence

A

TESTS

Intelligence

Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (WAIS),

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

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63
Q

TESTS

Memory

A

TESTS

Memory

Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure

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64
Q

TESTS

Attention

A

TESTS

Attention

Stroop test,
Wisconsin card sorting test,
Tower of London,
Continuous Performance Tasks

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65
Q

TESTS

Language

A

TESTS

Language

Boston naming test,
Animal fluency

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66
Q

A man attends his GP seeking advice on stopping smoking. The GP suggests that every time he lights a cigarette that he look at a picture of lung cancer. What form of conditioning does this represent?

	Trace conditioning
	Higher Order Conditioning
	Aversive conditioning
	Counter conditioning
	Second-order conditioning
A

Aversive conditioning

A technique where an unpleasant stimulus is paired with an unwanted behaviour (such as nail-biting, smoking) in order to create an aversion to it

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67
Q

Which of the following is one of Bion’s basic group assumptions?

	Catharsis
	Universality
	Cohesiveness
	Core beliefs
	Pairing
A

Pairing.

Bion’s Group Dynamics:

He believed that groups had a collective unconscious that operated in a similar way to that of an individual. He therefore claimed that the function of this unconsciousness was to protect the group from the pain of reality.

2 types of group.
1) the working group - working well and getting the job done. 2) the basic assumption group - acting out primitive fantasies and preventing things from getting done.

Types of Basic Assumptions Groups:

  • Dependancy (on a leader).
  • Flight-flight (perceived enemy)
  • Pairing
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68
Q

A woman with agoraphobia improves with repeated exposure to crowds. Which one of the following is the essential psychological process involved?

	Distraction
	Extinction
	Instrumental conditioning
	Massed practice
	Selective abstraction
A

Extinction.

If a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus then the conditioned response will disappear.

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69
Q

The four principles of medical ethics are

Consent, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice
Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice
Amicability, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice
Autonomy, Beneficence, Confidentiality and Justice
Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Legality
A

Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice

70
Q

A patient who is severely alcohol dependent does not recognise that he needs to change his drinking habit, and does not accept that his drinking is harmful, which stage of change is he in?

	Preparation
	Action
	Pre-contemplation
	Contemplation
	Maintenance
A

Pre-contemplation.

Prochaska and DiClemente's Stages of Change Model:
1 - Pre-contemplation
2- Contemplation
3- Preparation
4- Action
5- Maintenance
71
Q

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

	Drink
	Sex
	Warmth
	Food
	Money
A

Money

72
Q

According to Bion, which of the following is not a basic assumption group?

	Dependency
	Dynamic shift
	Fight-flight
	Pairing
	None of the above
A

Dynamic shift

73
Q

Who created the motivational theory call the ‘hierarchy of needs’?

	Anna Freud
	Harry Stack Sullivan
	Alfred Adler
	Carl Jung
	Abraham Maslow
A

Abraham Maslow

Level 5 - Self-actualisation
Level 4 - Esteem needs

Level 3 - Social needs

Level 2 - Safety needs

Level 1 Physiological needs

74
Q

Factual information and general knowledge about the world is stored in which of the following?

	Episodic memory
	Procedural memory
	Semantic memory
	Iconic memory
	Haptic memory
A

Semantic memory

75
Q

Which of the following correctly defines the concept of social capital?

The resources that society invests into maintaining the health of the general population
The resources available to an individual within a population from which they can draw support during periods of mental instability
An individuals ability to overcome difficulties based on their position in the hierarchy of society
Features of social life, networks, norms, and trust that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives
Aspects of an individual that result in them being considered as an attractive addition to a social group
A

Social Capital = Features of social life, networks, norms, and trust that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives

Putnam

76
Q

Cognitive dissonance can result in a change in which of the following?

	Group behaviour
	Confirmity
	Obedience
	Attribution
	Attitude
A

Attitude

77
Q

When a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus it becomes

	A conditioned response
	A reinforcer
	A conditioned stimulus
	An unconditioned response
	A phobia
A

A conditioned stimulus

78
Q

According to the classification system of Kubler-Ross, which of the following is not a stage of grief?

	Anger
	Denial
	Bargaining
	Rejection
	Acceptance
A

Rejection.

Kubler-Ross stages of grief:
1- Deniel
2- Anger
3- Bargaining
4- Depression
5- Acceptance

John Bowlby normal grief:

1) Shock & Protest - incl disbelief (days)
2) Preoccupation - yearning & anger (weeks)
3) Disorganisation - incl despair & acceptance (months)
4) Resolution (1-2 years)

Abnormal grief:

1) Inhibited
2) Delayed (>2/52 from loss)
3) Chronic/prolonged (>6m)

79
Q

Which of the following conditions is also known as pavor nocturnus?

	Chronic insomnia
	Night terrors
	Nocturnal epilepsy
	Narcolepsy
	Night blindness
A

Night terrors
= pavor nocturnus
= sleep terrors

80
Q

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

	Promotion
	Money
	Food
	Good grades
	Prizes
A

Food

81
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of narcolepsy?

	Hypnagogic hallucinations
	Excessive daytime sleepiness
	Automatic behaviour
	Anosognosia
	Hypnopompic hallucinations
A

Anosognosia

Narcolepsy is characterised by the following tetrad:-
1- Excessive sleepiness
2- Cataplexy
3- Hypnagogic hallucinations
4- Sleep paralysis
82
Q

Ribot’s law refers to which of the following?

	Reduplicative paramnesia
	Object permanence
	Retrograde amnesia
	Anosognosia
	Bystander intervention
A

Retrograde amnesia.

Ribot’s Law of retrograde amnesia states that ‘recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories’.

Jost’s Law of forgetting. This law states that that if 2 memories are of the same strength but different ages, the older will decay more slowly than the younger.

83
Q

Which of the following is true regarding night terrors?

Amnesia following a night terror is normal
They are more common in adults than children
They occur in REM sleep
They are a severe type of nightmare
They are more common in females
A

Amnesia following a night terror is normal

84
Q

Semantic memory is memory for which of the following?

	Events in a previous life
	Tasks such as washing and dressing
	Event's occurring in one's life
	Visuospatial orientation
	Language and knowledge
A

Language and knowledge

85
Q

The term ‘double agentry’ refers to conflicts of interests between which of the following?

	Young patients and their parents
	Patient care and the demands of hospital managers
	A patient and a potential victim
	A patient and their extended family
	All of the above
A

All of the above.

Double agentry occurs when a psychiatrist has a conflict of interests that interferes with their ability to act soley in the best interests of the patient.

eg Tarasoff case.

86
Q

Which of the following is one of the big five personality traits?

	Physical agility
	Playfulness
	Neuroticism
	Selfishness
	Stubbornness
A

Neuroticism

87
Q

Which of the following is true regarding night terrors?

They are more common in adults than children
They are associated with complete amnesia for the episode
They occur in REM sleep
They occur several hours following the onset of sleep
A typical episode lasts 2-3 hours
A

They are associated with complete amnesia for the episode

88
Q

Whilst booking a new patient into clinic, a nurse obtains some background details and asks a patient where they went to school. What type of memory is required for the retrieval of this information?

	Iconic
	Nondeclarative
	Episodic
	Semantic
	Sensoric
A

Episodic

89
Q

A young man is seen in clinic along with his mother. The mother expresses concern about her sons use of cannabis as he is smoking it every night. Her son does not think that he has any problems with cannabis and thinks that his mother is overly protective. According to the stages of change model which stage is he currently at?

	Contemplation
	Pre-contemplation
	Action
	Maintenance
	Preparation
A

Pre-contemplation

90
Q

Which of the following is true regarding amnesia?

In anterograde amnesia, long-term memories before the amnesia remain intact
Source amnesia is the loss of memory about one specific event
Anterograde and retrograde amnesia rarely occur together
Retrograde amnesia can be successfully treated with cholinesterase inhibitors
Retrograde amnesia predominately affects procedural memory
A

In anterograde amnesia, long-term memories before the amnesia remain intact

91
Q

Lacunar amnesia

A

Lacunar (not source) amnesia = the loss of memory about one specific event.

The word lacuna is Latin for a gap or a missing part.

92
Q

Retrograde amnesia generally involves

A

Retrograde amnesia generally involves the medial temporal lobe structures (e.g. hippocampus) not the cerebellum.

93
Q

Source amnesia is

A

Source amnesia is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge.

94
Q

Anterograde amnesia refers to

A

Anterograde amnesia refers to the
- inability to create new memories

(the inability to transfer new information from the short-term to the long-term store).

Although the exact mechanism is not understood it is thought to be due mainly to damage to the hippocampus.

95
Q

Amnesia is typically associated with damage to

A

Amnesia is typically associated with damage to:

  • medial temporal lobe
  • hippocampus
  • midline diencephalon
96
Q

Which of the following suggests a night terror rather than a nightmare?

Associated with significant autonomic arousal
Occurs in stage 2 sleep
Occurs several hours after falling asleep
Associated with enuresis
There is partial recall after it
A

Associated with significant autonomic arousal

97
Q

A cat comes into the kitchen expecting food every time a noise is made that is similar to the noise of the can opener used to open its cans of cat food. This is an example of.

	Shaping
	Higher order conditioning
	Extinction
	Chaining
	Stimulus generalisation
A

Stimulus generalisation.

This is the extension of the conditioned response from the original conditioned stimulus to other similar stimuli.

98
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Bion’s theory of group dynamics?

Groups use basic assumptions to protect individuals from painful anxiety
A group can hold several basic assumptions simultaneously
A group that is functioning well is referred to as a basic assumption group
An unconscious process operates within groups
All group are basic assumption groups
A

An unconscious process operates within groups

99
Q

A man develops a very severe toothache. He is prescribed a medication by his dentist. When he takes the medication the pain goes away. He carries the medication with him everywhere he goes and takes the medication as soon as the pain begins. The taking of the medication illustrates which of the following?

	Incubation
	Avoidance conditioning
	Stimulus preparedness
	Reciprocal inhibition
	Escape conditioning
A

Escape conditioning

This actually involves both classical and operant conditioning.

  • Escape conditioning refers to a situation whereby an aversive situation is removed after a response.
  • It is a form of negative reinforcement.
  • When a person learns to respond to a signal in a way that avoids an aversive stimulus before it arrives this is avoidance conditioning.
100
Q

Which of the following is true regarding stigma?

Courtesy stigma results from people being overly sympathetic to people with mental illness
Psychiatrists are unlikely to stigmatise their patients
Knowing someone with a mental illness is associated with a reduced tendency to stigmatize those with psychiatric problems
Psychiatrists should avoid asking patients about stigma
Psychiatric patients rarely complain about the effects of stigma on their lives
A

Psychiatric patients rarely complain about the effects of stigma on their lives

101
Q

According to the Rechtschaffen and Kales classification of sleep, night terrors occur in which stage of sleep?

	Stage 3
	Stage 1
	REM
	Stage 4
	Stage 2
A

Stage 4

102
Q

A reduction in a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus with which it has been previously paired is referred to as.

	Extinction
	Positive punishment
	Negative punishment
	Negative reinforcement
	Chaining
A

Extinction

103
Q

Utilitarianism is an example of which of the following?

	Teleology
	Deontology
	Virtue ethics
	Kantianism
	Autonomy
A

Teleology

104
Q

Which of the following is not a domain covered by the Addenbrooke’s cognitive exam?

	Memory
	Visuospatial
	Calculation
	Language
	Attention and orientation
A

Calculation.

Addenbrookes covers:

  • Attention & orientation
  • Memory
  • Verbal fluency
  • Language
  • Visuospatial

total points = 100

94% sensitivity for dementia. 89% specificity.

84% sensitivity for dementia. 100% specificity.

105
Q

In which of the following attitude scales is a panel of judges used to assess each statement to ascertain whether its degree of favourability towards the concept?

	Thurstone scale
	Guttman Scale
	Likert Scale
	Semantic Differential Scale
	Q Sort technique
A

Thurstone scale = list of statements relating to concept.

Likert scale = 5 responses from strongly agree to strongly disagree.

Semantic Differential Scale = 7 point scale across bipolar labels (submissive v dominant).

These are examples of Attitude scales.

106
Q

The Hawthorne effect refers to which of the following?

The reluctance on the part of clinicians to diagnose psychotic illnesses in patients with personality disorders
The tendency for people to emulate the behaviour of superiors
The propensity to violence of patients with learning disabilities when there are rapid shifts in environmental lighting
Alterations in behaviour due to subjective awareness of being observed
The observation that negative memories are more vividly recalled than positive ones
A

Alterations in behaviour due to subjective awareness of being observed

107
Q

A doctor assesses a patient with alcohol-induced amnesia. They ask the patient “what did you have for breakfast this morning?”. What type of information is being assessed with this question?

	Sensoric
	Episodic
	Semantic
	Iconic
	Nondeclarative
A

Episodic

108
Q

Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice are based on which of the following ethical theory?

	Deontology
	Principlism
	Utilitarianism
	Consequentialism
	Teleology
A

Principlism

109
Q

Identify the stage of behaviour change defined by Prochaska and DiClemente (1993) when a patient is willing to accept positive advice for change, to make planned behaviour change, to set goals and to assess past successes and failures.

	Awareness
	Contemplation
	Motivation
	Preparation
	Understanding
A

Preparation

110
Q

A patient is unable to describe the function of a microwave despite having used one many times in the past. Which area of memory do you suspect is dysfunctional?

	Episodic
	Working
	Procedural
	Semantic
	Implicit
A

Semantic

111
Q

A university lecturer wants to collect evidence of her students’ satisfaction with her teaching sessions. She gives each student a form after the teaching session and asks them to complete it.

The form consists of just one question which reads ‘how would you rate the teaching you have received today?’. Underneath the statement is a list of options to select from which reads ‘very good’ good’ ‘average’, ‘poor’, ‘very poor’. What type of scale has the lecturer used?

	Guttman Scales
	Likert Scale
	Semantic Differential Scale
	Thurstone scale
	Multi Dimensional Scaling
A

Likert Scale

112
Q

A teacher puts a child in detention for talking in class, the child never talks in class again. The change in behaviour results from which of the following?

	Positive reinforcement
	Punishment
	Negative reinforcement
	Chaining
	Classical conditioning
A

Punishment

113
Q

Which of the following is not one of the big five personality traits?

	Carefulness
	Conscientiousness
	Surgency
	Openness to experience
	Agreeableness
A

Carefulness

NB OCEAN

114
Q

Which of the following is defined as a belief in a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs and the application of those beliefs to oneself?

	Tribal stigma
	Self-stigma
	Social stigma
	Courtesy stigma
	Public stigma
A

Self-stigma

115
Q

A taxi driver chooses not to stop at a red traffic light as they are late to pick up a client. An unmarked police car observes this and pulls the man over and gives him a fine. For many months after this incident the taxi driver ensures that he stops at red traffic lights to avoid any additional fines. Which of the following best describes the taxi driver’s new behaviour at traffic lights.

	Stimulus generalisation
	Stimulus preparedness
	Avoidance conditioning
	Escape conditioning
	Chaining
A

Avoidance conditioning = When a person learns to respond to a signal in a way that avoids an aversive stimulus before it arrives.

Escape conditioning = when an aversive situation is removed after a response. It is a form of negative reinforcement. For example, imagine a rat stood on a raised platform in a pool of water. When an electrical current is applied to the plat from the rat will jump into the water to stop the unpleasant sensation of the electric shock (the shock is removed following the response).

116
Q

A man, whose father died in car accident 4 months ago, complains that his mood is low, he is avoiding riding in cars, and he sees his father in his house at night although he understands that this experience is not real. What type of grief is suggested?

	Disorganised grief
	Inhibited grief
	Chronic grief
	Delayed grief
	Normal grief
A

Normal grief

117
Q

A mother is keen to teach her young child better table manners. She begins by simply giving the child praise just for sitting at the table. She then gives praise when the child sits on the chair and picks up the spoon. She then waits until the child is sat on the chair, picks up the spoon and puts some food on it and issues more praise. How is the mothers approach best described?

	Shaping
	Chaining
	Positive punishment
	Habituation
	Reciprocal inhibition
A

Shaping = reward successive, increasingly accurate approximations to the behaviour.

NB Chaining involves breaking a complex task into smaller more manageable section

In shaping, each new approximation is reinforced. In chaining, reinforcers are usually provided at the end of the chain.

Shaping always forward. Chaining can be backwards.

118
Q

Which of the following help us understand why human do not tend to develop phobias of cars despite them being of considerable danger?

	Stimulus preparedness
	Counter conditioning
	Aversive conditioning
	Incubation
	Higher order conditioning
A

Stimulus preparedness

119
Q

Excessive daytime sleepiness and hypnagogic hallucinations are seen in which of the following?

	Somnolence
	Cataplexy
	Sleep apnoea syndrome
	Catalepsy
	Narcolepsy
A

Narcolepsy

120
Q

Which of the following coined the term ‘institutional neurosis’?

	Goffman
	Barton
	Foulkes
	Freud
	Jung
A

Barton - ‘institutional neurosis’

121
Q

The daughter of a lady with Alzheimer’s disease has noticed that her mother tends to forget things that she has done recently but can recall events from the past with great detail. Whose law makes this same observation?

	Tuke's Law
	Ribot's Law
	Pinel's Law
	Meyer's Law
	Pavlov's Law
A

Ribot’s Law

122
Q

Surgency is another term for which of the big five personality traits?

	Neuroticism
	Openness
	Extraversion
	Conscientiousness
	Agreeableness
A

Surgency = Extraversion

123
Q

What is the final stage of change according to the model of behaviour change proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente?

	Pre-contemplation
	Contemplation
	Action
	Maintenance
	Preparation
A

Maintenance

124
Q

Which of the following needs ranks most highly on Maslow’s hierarchy?

	Esteem
	Safety
	Self-actualisation
	Social
	Physiological
A

Self-actualisation

125
Q

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behaviour is called.

	Reinforcement
	Shaping
	Chaining
	Generalisation
	Extinction
A

Shaping

126
Q

A person described as having referent power would be expected to be which of the following?

	Unusually strong
	Charismatic
	Hold a position of seniority
	Wealthy
	Knowledgeable in their field
A

Charismatic

Referent power - by a person with charisma who people gravitate towards.

Legitimate power - by an individual in an organisation.

Expert power - by a person with specialist skills or knowledge.

Reward power - by a person in a position to provide rewards.

Coercive power - by a person who has the ability to apply negative influences such as demotion

127
Q

Who is credited with the introduction of the term cognitive dissonance?

	Beck
	Rogers
	Festinger
	Fromm
	Skinner
A

Festinger

128
Q

Behavioural activation in depression involves which of the following?

Beliefs about the self, world and the future
Types and degree of avoidance
Countertransference
Understanding a detailed developmental history and the causes of depression
Ignoring the context of interpersonal relationships
A

Types and degree of avoidance

129
Q

Which of the following is focussed on the consequences of a decision rather than the actions behind them?

	Kantianism
	Deontology
	Teleology
	Virtue ethics
	Autonomy
A

Teleology

130
Q

A patient successfully completed a detoxification regime for his alcohol dependence 4 weeks ago and has still not consumed alcohol. According to the stages of change model, which of the following stages is he currently at?

	Contemplation
	Pre-contemplation
	Action
	Maintenance
	Preparation
A

Maintenance

131
Q

A swimming teacher divides a stroke into separate parts and teaches them individually before asking the students to put them all together. What is this style of teaching called?

	Shaping
	Sequencing
	Linking
	Chaining
	Compartmentalising
A

Chaining

132
Q

Which of the following is not one of the primary abilities suggested by Thurstone?

	Number facility
	Perceptual speed
	Associative memory
	Working memory
	Word fluency
A

Working memory.

Thurstone’s primary abilities of intellegence are:

  • Word fluency
  • Verbal comprehension
  • Spatial visualization
  • Number facility
  • Associative memory
  • Reasoning
  • Perceptual speed
133
Q

Which of the following is one of the primary abilities suggested by Thurstone?

	Block design
	Processing speed
	Working memory
	Matrix reasoning
	Word fluency
A

Word fluency

Thurstone’s primary abilities of intellegence are:

  • Word fluency
  • Verbal comprehension
  • Spatial visualization
  • Number facility
  • Associative memory
  • Reasoning
  • Perceptual speed
134
Q

A patient who has experienced a head injury can no longer tie his shoelaces despite normal motor function. Which type of memory is affected?

	Procedural
	Declarative
	Working
	Episodic
	Semantic
A

Procedural

135
Q

A child has his train set taken of him for hitting his friend. Which of the following terms describes this style of discipline?

	Negative punishing
	Negative reinforcement
	Positive punishing
	Positive extinction
	Positive chaining
A

Negative punishing

136
Q

Discrimination is another term used to describe which of the following types of stigma?

	Internal stigma
	Self-stigma
	Enacted stigma
	Discredited stigma
	Courtesy stigma
A

Enacted stigma

137
Q

A nurse is reprimanded for telling a patient that they are overweight. The nurse argues that they did this as they considered it wrong to lie regardless of the consequences. From what position is the nurse arguing?

	Virtue based
	Non-maleficence
	Teleological
	Utilitarianism
	Deontological
A

Deontological

138
Q

Which of the following is a cognitive component of social capital?

	Values
	Precedents
	Networks
	Institutions
	Rules
A

Values.

social capital = ‘features of social life - networks, norms, and trust - that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives’ (Putnam, 1996).

Social capital is a property of groups rather than of individuals.

Broken down into Structural and Cognitive social capital.

Structural components = roles, rules, precedents, behaviours, networks and institutions. These may bond individuals in groups to each other, bridge divides between societal groups or vertically integrate groups with different levels of power and influence in a society, leading to social inclusion.

Cognitive social capital = values, attitudes and beliefs that produce cooperative behaviour (Colletta & Cullen, 2000).

139
Q

Which of the following scales used to assess attitudes generally uses a seven point scale and lists of bipolar options such as ‘strong’ or ‘weak’?

	Guttman Scale
	Likert Scale
	Multi Dimensional Scaling
	Semantic Differential Scale
	Thurstone scale
A

Semantic Differential Scale

140
Q

A boy is very scared of a neighbours new dog. Every time he sees the dog he cries. His mother wants to put an end to this and arranges with the neighbour to bring the dog round once she has settled her son on her lap with an ice cream. She repeats this process and gradually the boy stops crying at the sight of the dog and gets comfortable with it being near to him. Which of the following theories explains this observation?

	Operant conditioning
	Trace conditioning
	Aversive conditioning
	Reciprocal inhibition
	Higher order conditioning
A

Reciprocal inhibition.

141
Q

Which area of the brain is principally involved in ‘Working memory’?

	Thalamus
	Hypothalamus
	Prefrontal cortex
	Pineal gland
	Hippocampus
A

Prefrontal cortex - working memory.

Hippocampus - consolidates STM to LTM.

142
Q

Goffman was associated with which of the following terms?

	Double bind
	Womb envy
	Good enough mother
	Archetype
	Total institution
A

“Total institution” wrt asylums. = asylums took on responsibility for all patients’ needs.

143
Q

Winnicott - Good enough mother, transitional object

A

Winnicott - Good enough mother, transitional object

144
Q

Carl Jung - Collective unconscious, archetype, anima, animus

A

Carl Jung - Collective unconscious, archetype, anima, animus

145
Q

Melanie Klein - Paranoid-schizoid position, depressive position, splitting

A

Melanie Klein - Paranoid-schizoid position, depressive position, splitting

146
Q

Sigmund Freud - Free association, transference, ego, super-ego, id, eros, thanatos, defense mechanisms, oedipus Complex, the unconscious

A

Sigmund Freud - Free association, transference, ego, super-ego, id, eros, thanatos, defense mechanisms, oedipus Complex, the unconscious

147
Q

Wilfred Bion - Basic assumption group

A

Wilfred Bion - Basic assumption group

148
Q

Karen Horney - Womb envy

A

Karen Horney - Womb envy

149
Q

Siegfried Foulkes - Foundation matrix

A

Siegfried Foulkes - Foundation matrix

150
Q

Barton - Institutional Neurosis

A

Barton - Institutional Neurosis

151
Q

Which of the following is true regarding information processing?

The short term memory is said to hold 15 items
The phonological loop describes the structure of long term memory
The visuospatial sketchpad is a model of working memory
When given a list to remember, people tend to best remember the items in the middle
Working memory and short term memory are the same
A

The visuospatial sketchpad is a model of working memory

152
Q

A man is keen to stop drinking alcohol but does not want to try antabuse. He is encouraged to imagine a scene in his head every time he wants a drink in which he is drinking alone in his house and crying as his family have all left him due to his alcoholism. This technique is referred to as

	Chaining
	Avoidance conditioning
	Shaping
	Escape conditioning
	Covert sensitisation
A

Covert sensitisation

This is a technique used whereby someone learns to use mental imagery (hence it’s covert) to associate a behaviour with a negative consequence.

153
Q

What does the utilitarian reject the existence of?

	Rightness
	Rights
	Wrongness
	Consequence
	Moral objectivity
A

Rights

154
Q

Which of the following schedules of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?

	Variable interval
	Random
	Variable ratio
	Fixed interval
	Fixed ratio
A

Variable ratio

155
Q

It is a recognised fact that psychiatrists are stigmatised due to the fact that they are associated with people with mental health problems. Which term is used to describe this form of stigma?

	Carer stigma
	Stigma by proxy
	Courtesy stigma
	Professional stigma
	Linked stigma
A

Courtesy stigma

156
Q

A psychiatry trainee, who believes they are very intelligent and capable, has failed their college exams over 10 times. He thinks that the exams are poor and that they fail to differentiate between good and bad psychiatrists. Which psychological process has he used to justify his experience?

	Attitude-discrepant behaviour
	Cognitive dissonance
	Hierarchy of needs
	Need for achievement
	Hawthorne effect
A

Cognitive dissonance.

As he believes in his own capability as a psychiatrist he is forced to conclude that the exams must be the problem. Were he to respect the exams and at the same time believe he was a good psychiatrist he would be left with a considerable cognitive dissonance as the two thoughts conflict.

157
Q

Which of the following type of power is held by a consultant over a trainee psychiatrist simply by their position of seniority within the organisation?

	Referent power
	Legitimate power
	Expert power
	Reward power
	Coercive power
A

Legitimate Legitimate power = The power held by an individual in an organisation

158
Q

Which of the following is credited with the Law of forgetting

	Weber
	Ribot
	Jost
	Freud
	Lange
A

Jost

This law states that that if 2 memories are of the same strength but different ages, the older will decay more slowly than the younger.

159
Q

A rat has learnt that pressing a lever results in a food pellet. When the pellets run out the rat presses the lever several times without getting any pellets and then stops pressing it. Which of the following best describes this observation?

	Shaping
	Unconditioned response
	Positive punishment
	Extinction
	Negative reinforcement
A

Extinction

160
Q

A patient with schizophrenia informs you that a neuropsychologist told him he was impaired on the Hayling Test. He asks you what that means. In which of the following functions would you suggest a deficit?

	Tendency to jump to conclusions
	Response inhibition
	Visuo-spatial sequencing
	Tendency to black and white thinking
	Verbal fluency
A

Response inhibition.

The Hayling and Brixton tests are designed to assess executive function.

The Hayling Sentence Completion Test consists of two sets of 15 sentences each having the last word missing. In the first section the examiner reads each sentence aloud and the participant has to simply complete the sentences, yielding a simple measure of response initiation speed.

The second part, the Hayling requires subjects to complete a sentence with a nonsense ending word (and suppress a sensible one), giving measures of response suppression ability and thinking time. It provides a measure of basic task initiation speed as well as performance on a response suppression task. Performance on such tests has been repeatedly associated with frontal lobe dysfunction and dysexecutive symptoms in everyday life.

The Brixton Test is a rule detection and rule following task. Impairments on such
tasks are commonly demonstrated in individuals with dysexecutive problems.

161
Q

A man who is speeding through a built up area nearly crashes into a lady and her children who are crossing the road. When he pulls over the lady approaches the car and shouts at him. He is embarrassed by the ladys shouting which serves to remind him to control his speed when driving in future. This is an example of which form of operant conditioning?

	Negative chaining
	Positive punishment
	Negative reinforcement
	Negative punishment
	Positive shaping
A

Positive punishment.

The ladys shouting (unpleasant stimulus) decreases the likelihood that he will speed again (the behaviour) and is therefore referred to as a punisher.

This is not reinforcement as a reinforcer increases the likelihood of the behaviour happening again.

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus (the womans shouting) makes the punisher positive.

162
Q

A car salesman is paid exclusively by commission on each car he manages to sell. He does not manage to sell a car to every customer he sees. Which type of reinforcement schedule does his pay follow?

	Random
	Fixed interval
	Variable interval
	Fixed ratio
	Variable ratio
A

Variable ratio

163
Q

Which of the following is true regarding ‘working memory’?

It is a form of implicit memory
It is another term used for procedural memory
It increases with age during childhood
It has a fixed capacity that does not vary between individuals
It is fixed and cannot be improved with training
A

It increases with age during childhood

164
Q

Which of the following is true of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

Physiological needs are at the top of the hierarchy
Safety needs are higher than esteem needs
Self actualisation involves the highest form of needs
Safety needs must be addressed before physiological needs can be dealt with
Self actualisation needs include the needs for financial security
A

Self actualisation involves the highest form of needs

165
Q

Which of the following developed the theory of prima facie duties that was influential in determining the four principles of medical ethics?

	Kant
	Rawls
	Ross
	Hippocrates
	Aristotle
A

W.D Ross –> prima facie duties = are is obligatory unless overridden or trumped by another duty or duties.

166
Q

A young man addicted to cannabis visits his GP. His GP advises him to stop using cannabis and the man replies that he really likes smoking it as it makes him feel relaxed. He does however accept that it makes it difficult for him to revise for exams which has been bothering him. According to the stages of change model which stage is he currently at?

	Action
	Pre-contemplation
	Contemplation
	Maintenance
	Preparation
A

Contemplation: ambivilance and conflicted thoughts and emotions.

167
Q

Goffman is most associated with the following terms?

	Sociogenesis
	Total Institutions
	Foundation matrix
	Antipsychiatry
	Archetype
A

Total Institutions

168
Q

A man has a favourite song that reminds him of an old girlfriend. A colleague in his office often sings the song and the man finds himself liking that colleague. This is an example of which of the following?

	Negative punishment
	Higher order conditioning
	Positive reinforcement
	Stimulus generalisation
	Extinction
A

Higher order conditioning

  • This occurs when a new stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when it is paired with an established conditioned stimulus
169
Q

The Stroop test is designed to identify problems with which of the following?

	Learning ability
	Intelligence
	Self-awareness
	Attention
	Anterograde amnesia
A

Attention

170
Q

Which type of memory is stored without reference to place or time?

	Episodic memory
	Haptic memory
	Semantic memory
	Nondeclarative memory
	Explicit memory
A

Nondeclarative memory

SPMM PART A (10 decks)

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