A todos antes de capitulo seis Flashcards
Explored Florida and claimed it for Spain
Ponce de Leon
In Italian explorer sailing for the Spanish crown whose exploration of the Caribbean made Europeans aware of the Americas, prompting further exploration and settlement.
Columbus
Powerful civilizations in Central and South
Aztecs and Incas
Spanish mercenaries who invaded Central and South America during 1500s and conquered the native Inca and Aztec civilizations.
Conquistadores
A Spanish policy dictating that a Spaniard given land in the New World was responsible for the natives, who essentially became that landowner’s property.
Encomienda
Modern term referring to the exchange of plants, animals, and people between the Old and New World as a result of exploration, colonization, and slavery. European explorers brought back new crops and livestock while tragically bringing European diseases to the New World, which decimated Indian populations.
The Great Exchange
As the French and British squabbled over land and trading rights, the confederacy sided with whichever side offered more advantages.
The Iroquois Confederacy
A medieval English document that limited the power of the monarchy, it was a notable influence on colonial government and American constitutional principles.
Magna Carta
The colony founded in present-day Virginia in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh; all its citizens mysteriously vanished.
Roanoke
The British explorer who navigated what is now New York while sailing on behalf of the Dutch in 1609. His goal was to find a pas- sage to East Asia for Dutch merchants, but he instead discovered what became the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam.
Henry Hudson
The company established in England in 1607 to establish a permanent colony in America. The result was the founding of Jamestown by Captain John Smith.
VA Company
Led the Jamestown Colony
John Smith
Written by the Pilgrims on their journey to the New World, this agreement established a secular body to govern their new colony. The compact became the basis for the separation of church and state in the American constitution.
Mayflower Compact
First governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony; opposed democracy
Winthrop
A military alliance formed in 1643 between the English colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven in case of Indian attack.
New England Confederation
A system of agricultural mass production involving large farms (plantations) and crops like cotton that require processing after harvest. The plantation system in the Americas depended on slave labor for its success.
Plantation System
social contract between state and citizen
John Locke
Wealth of Nations.
Adam Smith
This 1649 document permitted the practice of all Christian religions in Maryland, which made the colony a haven for Catholics in the New World.
Act of Toleration
A British royal act granting permission to establish a colony.
Royal Charter
These royal decrees in the 1660s prevented English colonies from trading with any country other than England.
Navigation Laws.
Rebellion led by Bacon over the abuse of indentured servants. Brought light to social divisions of the colony and increased calls for slaves.
Bacon rebellion
A Protestant sect whose members believed that clergy was unnecessary for worship
Quakers
Accused of heresy by Puritans for preaching antinomianism (faith alone is necessary for salvation) and claiming she was divinely inspired
Anne Hutchinson
The idea that faith alone is necessary for salva- tion, not obedience to religious law.
Antinomianism
An example of participatory democracy com- mon in the colonies; citizens and local gov- ernment would meet yearly to elect officers, determine taxes, and pass laws.
Town Meetings
“Give me liberty or give me death”
Patrick Henry
Like the Stamp Act of 1765, an internal tax taxed goods made and sold within the colo- nies. The colonists preferred external taxa- tion, like the 1764 Sugar Act, which meant merchants were responsible for paying taxes applied to imports.
Internal vs. External taxes.
1st Great Awakening leader
Jonathan Edwards
Aided colonies during the A. Revolution by training and advising the colonial militia.
Lafayette
One of the celebrated writers of American in- dependence, this Pennsylvania lawyer crafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances in protest of the Townshend Acts. Nonethe- less, he refused to sign the Declaration of Independence, believing that the colonies should first complete the Articles of Confederation.
Dickinson
When the British customs ship Gaspee ran aground in 1772, colonists boarded the ship and destroyed it. Britain demanded that the perpetrators be tried not in a colonial court but in England. This shocking demand inspired the colonists to form Committees of Correspondence
Gaspee Affair
Secret governments organized by American colonies to supersede colonial legislatures and British officials. These committees spread news of colonial resistance and helped communities organize against British loyalists and merchants who complied with oppressive taxation.
Committees of Correspondence
The 1774 convention in Philadelphia where 12 of the 13 colonies met to draft a Declaration of Rights and Grievances to King George III. The colonies at this point still acknowledged the right of the British Parliament to regulate trade in the Americas.
1st Continental Congress
The 1775 convention where colonial repre- sentatives prepared for the inevitable war with England; the convention elected Virginian George Washington to lead the Continental Army.
2nd Continental Congress
The last ditch attempt by the Continental Con- gress to avoid war with England in 1775. The petition affirmed the loyalty of the colonies to the king and requested that he address their complaints. The petition was refused.
Olive Branch Petition
A general in the Continental army who was caught plotting to surrender to the British in 1778 in exchange for a position in the British military
Benedict Arnold
After several defeats in New York, the colonial army surprised a Hessian brigade in Trenton, New Jersey. General George Washington crossed the Delaware River with his army on Christmas night in 1776 to achieve the surprise attack, a much-needed victory for colonial forces
Battle of Trenton
News of the British defeat compelled France to form a military alliance with the colonists.
Battle of Saratoga
The decisive battle of the American Revolu- tion. Colonial forces and the French navy surrounded British commander Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia in 1781. When Cornwallis surrendered, the war was all but won for the colonial army.
Battle of Yorktown
framework govern- ment for the Northwest territory and outlawed slavery in those future states.
Northwest Ordinance
A 1786 rebellion in Massachusetts protesting high taxes, debtors’ prisons, and the lack of valuable currency. The uprising was quickly quelled, yet it underscored that the lack of a federal constitution prevented the states from protecting the rights of citizens.
Shays’ Rebellion
During the Constitutional Convention, delegates feared that the uneducated would elect an unsuitable president in a direct election. The Electoral College was born from this fear of rule by the mob.
Mobocracy
Loose interpretation
Jefferson
Strict interpretation
Hamilton
An undeclared 1798–1800 naval war between the United States and France when the Adams administration refused to repay war debts to the new French republic and instead sought trade agreements with England.
Quasi-War
Removed British troops from the Americas and established trading rights for the United States with England and her colonies.
Jay Treaty
When Franco-American relations soured in 1800, President Adams sent envoys to France who were secretly told they could only meet with the French foreign minister if they paid a bribe. Adams was outraged and publicized the bribe request.
XYZ Affair
After killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel, former vice president Aaron Burr joined a mercenary gang in the Louisiana territory. He was captured and accused of seeking Mexican aid for a secession movement in the territories. The Supreme Court acquitted Burr of accusations of treason.
Burr Conspiracy
On his last night in office in 1801, President John Adams stayed up until midnight appoint- ing Federalist judges to federal court posts so that his party might maintain influence in the new Democratic-Republican government led by Thomas Jefferson.
Midnight Judges
Marbury vs. Madison
- Judicial review
- Defined constitutional boundary b/w the judicial and executive branches
Naval war against Tripoli and Algeria
Tripolitan War
Created the 1st steamboat
Fulton
War between the United States and England over British trade restrictions for American goods, as well as British seizure of American ships. The defeated British signed the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, which allowed for free Ameri- can trade in Europe.
War of 1812
A cause of the war of 1812. British would force anyone who couldn’t prove he was an American into service of the British navy.
Impressment
New England merchants who opposed trade restriction and the War of 1812 met in Hart- ford in 1814 to advocate for the right of states to nullify federal laws. The convention also discussed seceding from the United States if these demands were not met, which turned public sentiment against the Federalist Party.
Hardford Convention
