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A&P 2 > A&P2.14 - The Digestive System > Flashcards

A&P2.14 - The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Made of 4 quadrants, list each and the organs they contain

A

URQ
- liver
- gall bladder
- part of small & lrg intestines

ULQ
- stomach
- spleen
- pancreas
- part of small & lrg intestines

LRQ + LLQ
- Part of small & lrg intestines
- urinary bladder, reproductive organs

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2
Q

Digestive System

Describe the gastrointestinal tract

A
  • Continuous tube that’s open to outside of body
  • begins with mouth and continues to pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm intestine, lrg intestine, rectum and anus
  • lined with mucous membrane
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3
Q

Digestive System - Functions

List the different functions of this system

A
  • Ingestion
  • Propulsion
  • Mechanical digestion
  • Chemical digestion
  • Absorption
  • Excretion
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4
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe ingestion

A

taking food in through mouth

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5
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe propulsion

A
  • movement of food through digestive tract
  • deglutition or peristalsis
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6
Q

Digestive System - Functions - Propulsion

Describe deglutition

A

swallowing

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7
Q

Digestive System - Functions - Propulsion

Describe peristalsis

A

slow, wave-like, involuntary movement using smooth muscle contraction

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8
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe mechanical digestion

A
  • the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles
  • 3 processes
    ** Mastication
    ** Churning
    ** Segmentation
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9
Q

Digestive System - Functions - Mechanical Digestion

Describe mastication

A

chewing

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10
Q

Digestive System - Functions - Mechanical Digestion

Describe churning

A
  • alternating waves of peristalsis occuring only in the stomach
  • used to swirl food particles in order to coat in digestive juices
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11
Q

Digestive System - Functions - Mechanical Digestion

Describe segmentation

A

slow form of peristalsis which keeps food in one area as it compresses and breaks it down
- allows more time for absorption

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12
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe chemical digestion

A

the addition of enzymes & digestive juices to chemically break down food

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13
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe absorption

A
  • occurs through mucous membranes
  • uptake of mechanical digestion by-products into blood (everything but dietary fat which is taken up by lacteals)
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14
Q

Digestive System - Functions

Describe defecation

A

elimination of indigestible solid food and waste prodcuts

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15
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy

List the different structures of this system

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
    ** liver
    ** gall bladder
    ** pancreas
  • large intestine (colon)
  • rectum
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16
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth

Accessory Organs

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
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17
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Accessory Organs

Teeth

A

grind- shred and tear food into small pieces

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18
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Accessory Organs

Tongue

A
  • moves food around mouth to help form a ball (bolus)
  • made of skeletal muscle, taste buds and mucus producing glands
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19
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Accessory Organs

Salivary Glands

A
  • add digestive enzymes to food
  • cleanse mouth
  • moisten food
  • some antibacterial properties
  • 3 locations
    ** submandibular (underside of mandible)
    ** sublingual (under tongue)
    ** parotid (between masseter + skin anterior to ear)
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20
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth

Functions

A
  • ingestion
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
  • absorption
  • deglutition
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21
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Mechanical digestion

“muscles of mastication”

A
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • medial pterygoids
  • lateral pterygoids

“muscles of chewing”

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22
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Muscles of Mastication - Temporalis

A

covers temporal bone and runs to mandible

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23
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Muscles of Mastication - Masseter

A

zygomatic arch and maxilla to mandible

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24
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Muscles of Mastication - Medial pterygoids

A
  • deep to masseter
  • run from maxilla to medial mandible
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25
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Muscles of Mastication - Lateral pterygoids

A
  • deep to medial pterygoids
  • run from sphenoid bone & articular disc + condyle of TMJ to mandible
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26
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Chemical Digestion

A
  • Enzymes mix w/ food in mouth
  • 3 parts:
    ** enzymes
    ** carb digestion
    ** bolus
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27
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions - Chemical Digestion

Enzymes

A

salivary amylase

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28
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions - Chemical Digestion

Carb Digestion

A

salivary amylase breaks down complex carbs in mouth

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29
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions - Chemical Digestion

Bolus

A

food mixed w/ saliva and shaped in ball to be swallowed

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30
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Absorption

A

limited to sublingual medications like nitroglycerin (vasodilator)

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31
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Mouth - Functions

Deglutition

A
  • swallowing
  • involves 22 pairs of muscles
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32
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy

Pharynx

A

skeletal muscle tube that delivers bolus to esophagus

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33
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy

Layers of GI Tract Walls

A
  • begins at esophagus
  • run throughout large intestine adjusting as needed depending on the organ
  • 4 layers:
    ** mucosa
    ** submucosa
    ** muscularis
    ** serosa
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34
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Layers of the Walls of the GI Tract

Mucosa

A
  • innermost epithelial lining of GI tract
  • in contact w/ food
  • scretes mucus
  • absorbs nutrients
  • provides protection
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35
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Layers of the Walls of the GI Tract

Submucosa

A

moderately dense CT lyr containing blood vessels, nerves & lymphatics

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36
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Layers of the Walls of the GI Tract

Muscularis

A
  • smooth ms layer responsible for peristalsis
  • forms spheres in some regions
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37
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Layers of the Walls of the GI Tract

Serosa

A
  • outermost layer of CT
  • protective and anchors digestive organs to posterior abdominal wall
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38
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy

Esophagus

A
  • ~10” long
  • smooth ms tube that delivers bolus to stomach
  • runs thru medistinum + diaphragm
  • sphincter separates stomach & esophagus
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39
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Esophagus

Peristalsis

A
  • moves bolus thru esophagus and into stomach
  • can be reversed to vomit
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40
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy

Stomach

A
  • ~10” long
  • can be filled up to 1 gallon
  • acts as storage tank for food
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41
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach

Location

A
  • ULQ
  • anterior to spleen
  • inferior to diaphragm
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42
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach

Regions

A
  • cardiac
  • fundus
  • body
  • pylorus
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43
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Regions

Cardiac Region

A
  • location of cardiac sphincter
  • uppermost region of stomach just adjacent to heart
44
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Regions

Fundus

A
  • lateral “aterior arch” protion
  • adptable/expandible portion
  • where air/gas sits above juices
45
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Regions

Body

A
  • the rest of the stomach
  • produces gastric jucies
46
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Regions

Pylorus

A
  • location of pyloric sphincter
  • releases 3oz of fluid (thick, white paste) @ a time into small intestine
47
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach

Functions

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
  • absorption
48
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions

Mechnical Digestion

A
  • churning of food to coat in digestive enzymes
    ** 3 layers of muscularis
    –> compared to 1 layer in rest of GI tract
    –> layers alternate directions to create churning
49
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions

Chemical Digestion

A

stomach lining creates digestive juices
- HCl
- Chyme
- Protein digestion

50
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions - Chemical Digestion

HCl

A
  • hydrochloric acid
    ** very acidic
    ** pH = 1.5
    —> creates environment where proteins can be digested and microorganisms are killed
51
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions - Chemical Digestion

Chyme

A

addition of digestive juices to bolus => paste

52
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions - Chemical Digestion

Protein Digestion

A

can only be done in an acidic environment which breaks the peptide bonds holding them together

53
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach - Functions

Absorption

A

limited here except for:
- aspirin
–> can irritate lining
- alcohol
–> effects felt quickly + disrupts protective lining

54
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Stomach

Protective Stomach Lining

A
  • thick mucosa layer
  • tight junctions
    –> “zipper” keeping lined cells together
  • regeneration of stomach lining every 3-6 days
55
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy

Small Intestine

A
  • responsible for 90% of all nutrient absorption
  • food spends 3-6 hours here
56
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine

Location

A
  • From pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve
  • all 4 quadrants of abpelvic cavity
  • hangs curled up in abdominal cavity suspended from mesentery
57
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine

Regions

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
58
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Regions

Duodenum

A
  • where majority of absorption takes place
  • ~1ft
  • highest concentration of villi & microvilli
59
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Regions

Jejunum

A
  • ~7ft
  • less villi & microvilli => decreased absorption
60
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Regions

Ileum

A
  • ~10ft
  • even less villi & microvilli for absorption
  • high mucus production to keep things moving as it dries due to water reabsorption
  • ileocecal valve
61
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Internal Anatomy

Circular Folds

A
  • cause food to swirl and remain in SI
  • allows more nutrient absorption due to increase SA
62
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Internal Anatomy

Villi

A
  • finger-like projections off of circular folds along inside walls of SI
  • house microvilli
63
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Internal Anatomy

Microvilli

A
  • tiny, hair-like projections of plasma membrane off of villi
  • increase SA for better absorption
  • give “brush-like” appearance to this tissue thus dubbed “brush border”
64
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Internal Anatomy

Lacteals

A
  • present within circular folds
  • absorb dietary fats and deliver them to the lymphatic flow
65
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine

Functions

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
  • absorption
  • propulsion
66
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions

Mechanical Digestion

A

Segmentation
- a slow peristalsis that alternates to force material to slow down for better absorption

67
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions

Chemical Digestion

A
  • proteins, fats & carbs
  • brush border enzymes
68
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions

Chemical Digestion - Proteins, Fats & Carbs

A

all broken down @ this level

69
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions

Chemical Digestion - Brush Border Enzymes

A
  • produced by brush border to break down all food types
  • Enzymes (“-ase”) break everything dow into glucose
    – Lactase => lactose
    – Sucrase => sucrose
    – Maltase => maltose
    – Pepsin => peptides => amino acids

protein => peptide => amino acids

70
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions

Absorption

A

All nutrient types are absorbed here and brought to liver via hepatic portal circulation (except dietary fats)

71
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Functions

Propulsion

A

Peristalsis occurs here w/ slow segmentation for maximum absorption

72
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine

Accessory Organs

A
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
73
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Accessory Organs

Liver

A

Has 200 functions
- only digestive function is to produce bile

74
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Accessory Organs

Liver -> Bile

A

yellow/green pigmented substance capable of breaking down fat into usable droplets

75
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Accessory Organs -Liver

Location

A

URQ inferior to diaphragm

76
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Accessory Organs - Liver

Structures/Functions

A
  • hepatic duct
    –> delivers bile to common bile duct
  • hepatic portal circulation
    –> nutrients are absorbed from SI & delivered to liver via portal vein
77
Q

Digestive System - Anatomy - Small Intestine - Accessory Organs

Gall bladder

A
  • storage tank for bile
    –> excess bile can back up into this and become dehydrated for future use
  • bile is delivered to common bile duct & secreted into SI
78
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Smll Intestine - Accessory Organs - Gall Bladder

Location

A

Underneath the liver in URQ

79
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Smll Intestine - Accessory Organs - Gall Bladder

Functions

A
  • Cystic Duct
    –> delivers excess bile into gallbladder
  • common bile duct
    –> delivers bile from common hepatic & cystic ducts into SI
80
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Smll Intestine - Accessory Organs

Pancreas

A

Largest endocrine gland

81
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Smll Intestine - Accessory Organs - Pancreas

Location

A
  • ULQ
  • Posterior to stomach
  • Extends posteriorly from SI
82
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Smll Intestine - Accessory Organs - Pancreas

Products & Functions

A
  • Hormones
    –> produce insulin & glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels
  • digestive enzymes
    –>create:
    —>pancreatic amylase (carb digestion)
    —>lipase (fat digestion)
    —>trypsin (protein digestion)
  • pancreatic duct
    –> delivers enzymes from pancreas into SI
83
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy

Large Intestine

A

“colon”

84
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine

Location

A
  • borders SI on 3 sides
  • Runs from ileocecal valve to rectum
85
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine

Regions

A
  • cecum
    –> appendix
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • anus
    –> internal sphincter
    –> external sphincter
86
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Regions

Cecum –> Appendix

A

filled with lymthatic tissue

87
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Regions

Rectum

A
  • distal region of LI
  • signals urge to defecate
88
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Regions

Anus –> Internal & External Sphincters

A
  • internal - automatically releases
  • external - we control
89
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine

Functions

A
  • Mechanical Digestion
  • Chemical digestion
  • Propulsion
  • Defecation
90
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Functions

Mechanical Digestion

A
  • very slow form of segmentation occuring in haustra
  • allows time for bacterai to act on insoluble fiber
91
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Functions

Chemical Digestion

A

governed by gut flora (bacteria) which act on insoluble materials not acted on by SI => produce vitamins & methane gas (farts)

92
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Functions

Propulsion

A

very slow segmentation occurs every 30 minutes

93
Q

Dig. System - Anatomy - Large Intestine - Functions

Defecation

A

Emptying of LI occurs 1-3x per day

94
Q

Digestive Process

The food we eat is divided into 3 categories:

A
  • starch/carbohydrates
  • Fats/lipids
  • Proteins
95
Q

Digestive Process - Food Categories

Starch/Carbs

A
  • Must be broken down into glucose to be used by the body as this is our primary fuel source (glucose)
    –> Glucose is stored by liver and muscle as glycogen => eventually broken down into ATP
  • Begin digestion in the mouth from salivary amylase
  • Not digested in the stomach
  • Digestion finishes in SI from brush border enzymes and pancreatic enzyme amylase
96
Q

Digestive Process - Food Categories

Fats/Lipids

A
  • Must be broken down into fatty acids & glycerol to be used by the body
  • Fats provide us with protection, insulation and an alternative fuel source
  • Begin digestion in SI where bile from liver emulsifies into smaller fat droplets
  • Lipase from pancreas breaks fown droplets in fatty acids and glycerol to be absorbed
    –> some go to liver for synthesis
    –> some absorbed by lacteals for drainage into bloodstream
    —-> used by cells for fuel & plasma membranes
97
Q

Digestive Process - Food Categories

Proteins

A
  • must be broken down into amino acids to be used by the body
  • proteins are used as building blocks for the body providing tissue maintenance and growth
  • Break down begins in stomach as broken down into peptides by enzyme pepsin
  • SI, peptides broken into amino acids by brush border enzyme peptidase and pancreatic enzyme trypsin
  • AAs absorbed and sent to liver for use
98
Q

Digestive System

Vitamins

A
  • organic (carbon based) compounds essential for metabolic function
  • the only vitamin we produce is vitamin D
  • water soluble vs fat soluble
99
Q

Digestive System - Vitamins

Water Soluble

A

can dissolve and be excreted in water
- vitamins B & C

100
Q

Digestive System - Vitamins

Fat Soluble

A

Dissolbe in fat & can accumulate
- vitamins A, D, E & K

101
Q

Digestive System

Minerals

A

Inorganic compounds essential for metabolic function
- must be retrieved from diet
–> magnesium
–> zinc
–> selenium

102
Q

Digestive System

Water distribution and intake

A
  • intake ~40% from food
  • 2/3 intracellular vs 1/3 extracellular at a given time
103
Q

Digestive System

Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical processes within a living organism needed to maintain life
- anabolism
- catabolism

104
Q

Digestive System - Metabolism

Anabolism

A

building molecules
AA -> peptides -> proteins

105
Q

Digestive System - Metabolism

Catabolism

A

breaking down molecules
proteins -> peptides -> amino acids

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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