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A&P 2 > A&P 2.8 - The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

A&P 2.8 - The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood - Characteristics

  • Type of tissue
  • Temperature
  • Volume in the body
  • Average weight
A
  • Connective tissue
  • 100.4 degrees
  • Males: 5-6 liters, Females: 4-5 liters
  • Blood makes 8% of body weight
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2
Q

Blood

List the functions of blood

A
  • Distribution
  • Regulation
  • Protection
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3
Q

Blood - Functions

Describe distribution

A

Transports O2, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout the body

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4
Q

Blood - Functions

Describe regulation

A

Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating temperature, pH, and water balance (how much and where in the body)

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5
Q

Blood - Functions

Describe protection

A

Serves in immune defense against pathogens and aids clotting to prevent excessive bleeding

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6
Q

Blood

Composition

A
  • Plasma
  • Formed Elements
    **RBC
    **WBC
    **Platelets
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7
Q

Blood - Composition

Plasma

A
  • 55% of whole blood
  • 90% water
  • viscous, thick fluid
  • straw-colored from formed elements
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8
Q

Blood - Composition

Formed elements

A
  • 45% of whole blood
  • not always true cells
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9
Q

Blood - Composition - Formed Elements

Red blood cells

A
  • Cells that transport O2 and CO2 in blood
  • Contain hemoglobin for gas exchange
  • Grow and mature in the bone marrow

“Erythrocytes”

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10
Q

Blood - Composition - Formed Elements

White blood cells

A
  • True cells involved in immune system that defend the body against infections and foreign substances
  • Grow and mature in bone marrow and play a crucial role in the body’s defense mechanisms (phagocytosis)

“Leukocytes”

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11
Q

Blood - Composition - Formed Elements

Platelets

A
  • Half-moon shaped structures formed from by-products of RBC formation
  • They have a curve shape to accumulate around broken blood vessel walls

“Thrombocytes”

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12
Q

Hemostasis

Definition

A

The mechanism by which the bleeding of a blood vessel ceases

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13
Q

Hemostasis

List the phases

A
  • Vascular spasm
  • Platelet plug formation
  • Coagulation/blood clotting
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14
Q

Hemostasis - Phases

Vascular spasm

A

immediate narrowing of blood vessels o reduce blood flow to affected area => minimizing blood loss

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15
Q

Hemostasis - Phases

Platelet plug formation

A

Platelets adhere to site of injury forming a temporary “platelet plug” to seal small breaks in blood vessels

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16
Q

Hemostasis - Phases

Coagulation/blood clotting

A
  • Clotting factors activate formation of a stable blood clot reinforcing the platelet plug
  • This phase involves a complex series of biochemical reactions
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17
Q

The heart

  • Size
  • Weight
  • Location
  • Pericardium
  • Heart wall
A
  • About the size of a fist
  • Weighs less than 1#
  • Located within the mediastinum - the medial cavity of the thorax between the lungs.
    **Sits on the diaphragm
  • Pericardium
    **Fibrous
    **Serous
  • Heart wall
    **Epicardium
    **Myocardium
    **Endocardium
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18
Q

The Heart

Pericardium definition and function

A
  • Double-layered sac surrounding the heart
  • Provides protection and anchors the heart in the chest
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19
Q

The heart - Pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

A
  • Tough outer layer of pericardium that provides structural support and prevents overstretching of the heart
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20
Q

The heart - pericardium

Serous pericardium

A
  • Inner, thinner layer of pericardium
  • Consists of parietal & visceral layers
  • Produces pericardial fluid which reduces friction between the layers of the heart during contraction
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21
Q

The heart wall

List the layers

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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22
Q

The Heart Wall

Epicardium

A

Outer layer of heart wall which provides protection

Also known as the visceral layer of serous pericardium

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23
Q

The Heart Wall

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of heart wall consisting of muscle tissue for pumping blood

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24
Q

The Heart Wall

Endocardium

A
  • inner layer lining the chambers and valves
  • facilitates smooth blood flow
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25
Q

Anatomy of the Heart

Chambers

A
  • Atria
  • Ventricles
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25
Q

Anatomy of The Heart

List the major components of the heart

A
  • Chambers
  • Valves
  • Major Vessels
  • Interventricular septum
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26
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Chambers

Atria

A
  • Receive blood
    – Right: receives deoxygenated blood from all areas
    – Left: receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
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27
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Chambers

Ventricles

A
  • Expel blood
    – Right: expels deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk
    – Left: expels oxygenated blood into the aorta
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28
Q

Anatomy of the Heart

List the two major valve types

A
  • Atrioventricular
  • Semilunar
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29
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Valves

Atrioventricular
(2)

A
  • Tricuspid
  • Bicuspid
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30
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Valves - Atrioventricular

Tricuspid

A
  • Between the R atrium and R ventricle
  • Has 3 anchors
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31
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Valves - Atrioventricular

Bicuspid

A
  • Between the L atrium and L ventricle
  • Has 2 anchors

“mitral valve”

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32
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Valves

Semilunar (2)

A
  • Pulmonary semilunar
  • Aortic semilunar
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33
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Valves - Semilunar

Pulmonary semilunar

A

Between R ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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34
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Valves - Semilunar

Aortic semilunar

A

Between L ventricle and aorta

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35
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels

List the major vessels of the heart

A
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Aorta
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
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36
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels

Pulmonary trunk

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from R ventricle to pulmonary arteries

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37
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels

Pulmonary arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs

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38
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels

Pulmonary veins

A

Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to L atrium

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39
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels

Aorta

A
  • Largest artery in the body
  • Carries blood to every cell
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40
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels

Superior vena cava

A

Delivers deoxygenated blood from all areas of the body above the diaphragm into the R atrium

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41
Q

Anatomy of the Heart - Major Vessels

Inferior vena cava

A

delivers deoxygenated blood from all areas of the body below the diaphragm to the R atrium

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42
Q

Anatomy of the Heart

Interventricular septum

A

wall between ventricles that serves as a pathway for nerve signals called action potentials

43
Q

The Heart

Circulatory pathways (3)

A
  • Coronary
  • Systemic
  • Pulmonary
44
Q

The Heart - Circulatory Pathways

Coronary

A
  • The heart’s own pathway
  • Small holes in aorta open during relaxation of heart to allow blood to diffuse into vessels
45
Q

The Heart - Circulatory Pathways

Systemic

A

From aorta to every cell in the body

46
Q

The Heart - Circulatory Pathways

Pulmonary

A

From heart to lungs to heart

47
Q

Pathway of Blood Flow Through Heart

List basic flow starting with R atrium

A

De-O2 blood enters R atrium -> tricuspid valve -> R ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs (CO2/O2 exchange) -> pulmonary veins -> L atrium -> bicuspid (mitral) valve -> L ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> O2 brought to every cell in body & exchanged with CO2 waste) -> de-O2 blood returns to R atrium via superior/inferior vena cava

48
Q

Cardiac Pathologies

Angina Pectoralis

A

chest pain due to reduced blood flow to heart

“ pain chest”

49
Q

Cardiac Pathologies

Incompetent valves

A

heart valves that don’t close properly causing backward blood flow

50
Q

Cardiac Pathologies

Myocardial infarction

A

results from bloked blood flow to part of the heart muscle (myocardium)

“heart attack”

51
Q

The Intrinsic Conduction System

List the two components of this system

A
  • Autorhythmic (excitable) cells
  • Gap junctions
52
Q

The Intrinsic Conduction System

Autorhythmic cells

A

heart cells with inherent pacemaker activity that can spontaneously depolarize

53
Q

The Intrinsic Conduction System

Gap junctions

A
  • channels allowing direct electrical communication between adjacent cells in heart
  • one stimulus resulting in 2 contractions
54
Q

The Intrinsic Conduction System

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • heart’s natural pacemaker
  • initiates electrical impulses that regulate the heart’s beating
  • located in R atrium
55
Q

The Intrinsic Conduction System

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A
  • cluster of cells in the heart that slows down electrical impulses
  • allows atria to contract before ventricles to coordinate the heart’s rhythmic pumping
56
Q

The Intrinsic Conduction System

Atrioventricular bundle

A

specialized fibers transmitting electrical impulses from AV node to ventricles for synchronized heart contraction

57
Q

The Intrinsic Conduction System

Bundle branches

A

carry eelctrical signals down L and R sides of heart’s septum to aid in coordinated ventricular contraction

58
Q

The Intrinsic Conduction System

Purkinje fibers

A

specialized cardiac muscle fibers that spread electrical impulses throughout ventricles

59
Q

Cardiac Vocabulary

Tachycardia

A
  • abnormally fast HR
  • 100+ bpm
  • A-fib = chaotic beating
60
Q

The Intrinsic Conduction System

Bradycardia

A
  • abnormally slow HR
  • 60bpm or less
  • can be normal with conditioned athletes
61
Q

The Cardiac Cycle

Definition and duration

A
  • All mechanical events associated with 1 complete heartbeat
  • ~0.8 seconds
62
Q

The Cardiac Cycle

Systole

A
  • contraction phase
  • Atrial = 0.1sec
  • Ventricular = 0.3 sec
63
Q

The Cardiac Cycle

Diastole

A
  • relaxation phase
  • 0.4 sec
64
Q

Heart Sounds

List the different sounds (3)

Auscultation

A
  • lubb (AV valves closing)
  • dubb/dupp (semilunar valves closing)
  • pause
65
Q

The Heart

Cardiac Output: definition and formula

A
  • Amout of blood expelled by ventricles per minute
  • stroke volume x BPM
66
Q

Cardiac Output

Stroke volume: definition & average volume

A
  • amount of blood expelled by ventricles per contraction
  • 70mL (2oz) blood
67
Q

Cardiac Output

Average HR Healthy Adult (calculation based on avg BPM)

A

70mL (2oz) x 75bpm => 5250mL =5.25L blood/minute

68
Q

Cardiac Output - Regulation of Stroke Volume

Starling’s Law of the Heart

A

increased venous return = increased cardiac output

decreased venous return = decreased cardiac output

69
Q

Cardiac Output - Regulation of Stroke Volume

How does exercise affect this?

A

increases venous return

70
Q

Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR

List the 3 categories/methods of HR regulation

A
  • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
  • Chemical
  • Physical factors
71
Q

Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR

Describe how the ANS impacts HR

A
  • Sympathetic state = increased HR
  • Parasympathetic state = decreased HR
72
Q

Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR

Describe what chemicals may effect this and how so

A
  • Thyroxin: hormone that controls metabolic function = increased HR
  • Adrenaline/Epinephrine = increased HR
73
Q

Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR

What physical factors affect HR? (4)

A
  • Temperature
  • Sex
  • Age
  • Exercise
74
Q

Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR - Physical Factors

Describe temperature’s affect on this

A
  • Heat = increased HR
  • Cold = decreased HR
75
Q

Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR - Physical Factors

Describe how sex affects this

A

Sex @ birth:
- Male = 64-72bpm
- Female = 72-80bpm

76
Q

Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR - Physical Factors

Describe how age affects this

A

fetal HR = 140-160bpm

77
Q

Cardiac Output - Regulation of HR - Physical Factors

Describe how exercise affects this

A
  • increases HR temporarily
  • continuous conditioning can lower resting HR over time by improving output and efficiency
78
Q

Blood Vessels

List the structures that compose a blood vessel wall

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa
  • Lumen
  • Valves
79
Q

Blood Vessel - Structures of the wall

Tunica intima

A
  • Innermost layer of vessel
  • Composed of epithelial cells for smooth blood flow
  • In direct contact w/ blood
80
Q

Blood Vessel - Structures of the wall

Tunica media

A
  • Intermediate layer
  • Composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
  • Regulates vessel diameter
81
Q

Blood Vessel - Structures of the wall

Tunica externa

A
  • Outer layer
  • Made of CT
  • Provides support for blood vessels
82
Q

Blood Vessel - Structures of the wall

Lumen

A

Central, hollow portion of blood vessel where blood flows

83
Q

Blood Vessel - Structures of the wall

Valves

A
  • Flap-like structures in veins
  • Prevent backward blood flow and ensures one-way circulation
84
Q

Blood Vessels - Arteries

Characteristics

A
  • Carry blood away from heart
  • Most carry O2 blood
  • Mostly deep
  • No valves
  • Higher BP than veins due to proximity to heart
  • Ticker tunica media layer
85
Q

Blood Vessels - Arteries

Types

A
  • Elastic
  • Muscular
  • Arterioles
86
Q

Blood Vessels - Artery Types

Elastic

A
  • Closest to heart
  • More elastic fibers to resist BP
87
Q

Blood Vessels - Artery Types

Muscular

A

Serve the major organs

88
Q

Blood Vessels - Artery Types

Arterioles

A
  • Smallest type
  • Can re-route blood to a different area if needed (i.e. injury)
89
Q

Blood Vessels - Arteries

Capillaries

A
  • smallest of artery vessels
  • serve every cell of the body
  • Only have tunica intima
  • some are only one cell layer thick (allowing for gas exchange)
90
Q

Blood Vessels - Veins

Characteristics

A
  • Carry blood to the heart
  • Have valves
  • Most carry de-O2 blood
  • can be a blood reservoir (back of calves, blood pools here)
  • superficial + deep
  • less tunia medica and more tunica externa (increase in support to help fight gravity)
91
Q

Blood Vessels - Veins

Types

A

Venules

92
Q

Blood Vessels - Vein Type

Venules

A
  • smallest veins
  • capillaries merge into them to carry CO2 away
93
Q

Blood Vessels - Veins

Venous return is aided by…? (3)

A
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
  • swedish massage
94
Q

Blood Vessels - Veins

Describe how skeletal muscle pumps aid venous return

A
  • contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle aids blood flow towards the heart
  • particularly helpful in extremities
95
Q

Blood Vessels - Veins

Describe how the respiratory pump aids in venous return

A
  • changes in thoracic pressure during breathing assist blood flow back to the heart due to diaphragm movement
  • diaphragm depressin during exhale compresses the abomdinal cavity and increases pressure
96
Q

Blood Vessels - Veins

Swedish massage

A

Theorhetically increases venous return during centripetal, effleurage strokes

97
Q

Blood Vessels - Vein Vocabulary

Thrombus

A

blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel causing a blockage while still attached to b.v. wall

98
Q

Blood Vessels - Vein Vocabulary

Embolus

A
  • A detached clot or material that travels through the blood stream
  • capable of causing a blockage at a distant site within the body
99
Q

Blood Vessels - Vein Vocabulary

Varicosity

A
  • abnormal dilation of veins
  • marked by twisted, swollen vesssels due to weakened valves and impaired blood flow
100
Q

Arterial Pulse

A
  • Physical palpation of expansion and recoil of superficial arteries
  • Often sites used: Radial wrist (radial artery) & carotid (more popular in eastern medicine)
101
Q

Define blood pressure

A
  • Force exerted inside of blood vessels by contraction
  • Average should be ~120/80bpm
102
Q

Blood Pressure

How to measure - 2 parts

A
  • Systolic
  • Diastolic
103
Q

Blood Pressure

Define systolic

A

contraction of ventricles

104
Q

Blood Pressure

Define diastolic

A

relaxation of ventricles

105
Q

Blood Pressure

List the factors that effect BP

A
  • condition of blood vessel walls (firmer walls need more force)
  • ANS
  • Renal factors (enzyme renin prodcued by kidneys to control water balance of blood in order to maintain proper viscosity)
  • Temperature: cold = increased BP, hot = decreased blood pressure
  • Hormones: Thyroxine & epinephrine increase BP
  • Diet: out of scope for MTs

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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