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A&P 2 > A&P2.12 - Urinary System > Flashcards

A&P2.12 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary System

List the major structures/organs of this system

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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2
Q

Urinary System

List the major processes and important aspects of this system

A
  • Urine production
  • Urine
  • Micturition
  • Water balance
  • Electrolytes
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3
Q

What are the kidneys?

A

functional unit of the urinary system

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4
Q

Kidneys

Describe the size, shape and location of these structures

A

Size: 4-5” long (bar of soap)

Shape: kidney bean shape

Location: Inferior, posterior rib cage
* L side slightly higher/R slightly lower due to the liver sitting above it

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5
Q

Kidneys

List the different functions

A
  • Regulation:
    ** Blood volume and composition
    ** Blood pH
    ** Blood pressure
  • Stimulation of red blood cell production
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6
Q

Functions of the Kidney

Blood volume and composition

A
  • Cells in hypothalamus sense changes in solute concentration of blood & stimulate kidney to respond
  • increased concentration = retain H20
  • decreased concentration = expel H20
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7
Q

Functions of the Kidney

Regulation of blood pH

A

By excreting or holding onto H+ ions, kidneys regulate blood’s pH

Acidic = expel H+
Basic = retain H+

Body pH range is 7.35-7.45

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8
Q

Functions of the Kidney

Regulation of Blood Pressure

A
  • Kidneys can affect fluid volume of blood which determines blood pressure.
  • Kidneys also secrete renin (enzyme) to induce vasoconstriction when BP is low
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9
Q

Functions of the Kidney

Stimulation of RBC Production

A
  • Kidneys produce erythropoetin (hormone) that stimulates RBCs in red bone marrow => increased availability of hemoglobin
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10
Q

Kidneys - External Anatomy

List the different structures involved

A
  • Renal hilus
  • Renal capsule
  • Adipose capsule
  • Renal fascia
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11
Q

Kidneys - External Anatomy

Renal hilus

A
  • Vertical cleft on medial side of kidney
  • Entrance for blood vessels, nerves & tubes
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12
Q

Kidneys - External Anatomy

Renal capsule

A

Outer covering of CT that surrounds kidney and protects against infection (or spreading of)

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13
Q

Kidneys - External Anatomy

Adipose capsule

A
  • covering of adipose tissue on outside of renal capsule
  • Provides cushion & insulation for kidneys
  • Anchors kidney to posterior abdominal wall
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14
Q

Kidneys - External Anatomy

Renal fascia

A
  • Outermost layer of CT that runrs through the adipose capsule
  • Creates structure and groups kidneys to adrenal glands
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15
Q

Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

List the 3 distinct regions of the internal kidney

A
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
  • Pelvis
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16
Q

Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

List all of the structures involved in this region

A
  • Renal cortex
  • Renal medulla/pyramids
  • Minor calyces
  • Major calyces
  • Renal pelvis
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17
Q

Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

Renal cortex

A
  • Outermost region of internal portion
  • Contains bulk of nephron
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18
Q

Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

Renal medulla/pyramids

A
  • Deep to cortex
  • Contains urine and collecting tubes
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19
Q

Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

Minor calyces

A

Urine drains from collecting tubes (specifically from renal papillae) into these structures and then drains into major calyces

20
Q

Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

Major calyces

A

Receive urine from minor calyces before draining into renal pelvis

21
Q

Kidneys - Internal Anatomy

Renal pelvis

A
  • Lateral to hilus
  • A smooth ms, funnel-shaped tube that leads into ureters
  • Peristalsis (automatic smooth ms contraction) occurs here
22
Q

Kidney

Blood Supply

A
  • Kidneys need healthy blood spply to monitor and regulate
  • 25% of cardiac output will arrive @ kidneys via renal arteries
  • Once filtered, blood is delivered back to the heart via inferior vena cava
23
Q

Kidney

Nephron

A
  • Made up of blood vessels and tubes
  • Produces urine
  • Each kidney has over 1 million
  • Made up of 2 regions
    ** Glomerulus
    ** Renal tubule
24
Q

Kidney - Nephron

Glomerulus

A
  • A collection of blood capillaries
  • Blood filtratin occurs here
  • Runs on hydrostatic pressure from blood pressure
25
Q

Kidney - Nephron

Renal Tubule

A
  • 1.25” long
  • Made of 5 parts
  • A tube of epithelial tissue which collects by-product of filtered blood => makes adjustments to produce urine
26
Q

Kidney - Nephron - Renal Tubule

List the 5 regions of this structure

A
  • Glomerular capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle or Nephron loop
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting tubes
27
Q

Kidney - Nephron - Renal Tubule - 5 Parts

Glomerular Capsule

A

Epithelial capsule surrounding glomerulus

28
Q

Kidney - Nephron - Renal Tubule - 5 Parts

Collecting Tubes

A

Collect urine and deliver it to minor and major calyces

29
Q

Urine Production

List the 3 steps of this process

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • Tubular reabsorption
  • Tubular secretion
30
Q

Urine Production

Glomerular Filtration

A
  • Blood is filtered through glomerulus by hydrostatic pressure
  • Water & solutes are removed
  • Formed elements & proteins remain in blood
31
Q

Urine Production

Tubular Reabsorption

A
  • 99% of H20 is reabsorbed back into blood along w/ some organic elements and electrolytes
  • Only 1% of filtrate reamins
32
Q

Urine Production

Tubular Secretion

A

Some waste still remaining in blood is secreted into renal tubule

33
Q

Describe urine and some basic facts/characteristics of it

A
  • Clear, yellowish fluid
  • 95% water w/ electrolytes, wastes, uric acid & some drugs
  • 1-2L expelled per day
  • Solutes we should not see:
    ** RBCs (bleeding)
    ** WBCs (infection)
    **Protein (pregnancy, high BP)
    ** High glucose (diabetes)
34
Q

Ureters

A
  • Long, thin tubes that drain urine from renal pelvis & bring to urinary bladder
  • Outer layer is a smooth ms (peristalsis) which contracts every 10-20 seconds
35
Q

Urinary Bladder

A
  • Posterior to pubic symphysis
  • A smooth ms, collapsible sac
  • Stores 800-1,000mL of urine
  • Urge to urinate occurs around 200mL to give us time in case unable to go immediately
  • Stretch of walls causes internal sphincter to relax; we can control external sphincter
36
Q

Urethra

A
  • Mucous membrane lined structure that carries urine to outside of the body
  • MM lining helps to prevent infection
37
Q

Define micturition

A

Urination

38
Q

Water Balance

List the different aspects of this

A
  • Amount of H20 in body
  • Muscle vs. fat
  • Sources of water
  • Elimination of water
39
Q

Water Balance

Amout of H20 in Body

A

Average adult has about 40L of H20 in the body at any given time

40
Q

Water Balance

Muscle vs. Fat

A

Muscle = 65% H20
Fat = 20% H20

41
Q

Water Balance

This is a constant, ever-changing balance because…

A

Water is constantly moving back and forth between two main compartments of the body (always following salt and protein):
- intracellular
- extracellular

Intracellular = 2/3 of 40L distributed w/in cells
Extracellular = 1/3 of 40L outside of cells as interstitial fluid

42
Q

Water Balance

Sources of Water

A
  • Liquids consumed = 60%
  • Food = 30#
  • Metabolism = 10% (byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration)
43
Q

Water Balance

Elimination of Water

A

Determind by osmotic pressure flow of H20 from high to low concentration

44
Q

Electrolytes

A

Charged particles necessary for conduction of electrical signals

Ex:
- Sodium
- Magnesium
- Potassium

45
Q

Massage & The Urinary System

Massage over kidneys

A

Deep pressure and tapotement are precautionary

46
Q

Massage & The Urinary System

Massage and dialysis

A

Increased venous return may add additional stress to kidneys

Manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) is contraindicated to as not to overload kidneys and heart

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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