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A&P 2 > A&P2.11 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

A&P2.11 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functional Anatomy of Respiration

List the anatomical structures assosciated with this system

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
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2
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

List the two major categories of the nose and list the structures that comprise them

A

External: Nasal bones & hyaline cartilage
Internal: ethmoid bone

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3
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

List the functions of the nose

A
  • provides an airway
  • warms and moistens air
  • filters air
  • olfactory sense
  • resonating chamber for speech
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4
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

List the parts of the nose

A
  • Nasal septum
  • olfactory and respiratory mucosa
  • nasal conchae
  • paranasal sinuses
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5
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

Describe what comprises the nasal septum

A
  • anterior, cartilage portion
  • perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
  • vomer
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6
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

Describe the olfactory and respiratory mucosa of the nose

A
  • Roof of the nose is lined with olfactory (scent) receptors
  • The rest is lined with ciliated mucosa to trap and move debris
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7
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

List/describe the parts of the nasal conchae and their purpose

A
  • superior & middle (ethmoid markings)
  • inferior (separate)
  • increase surface area of nasal cavity to help swirl, warm and moisten air
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8
Q

Functional Anatomy - Nose

Describe the paranasal sinuses

A
  • open cavities in bone which resonate for speech & lighten skull
  • mucus produced here travels into nasal cavity
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9
Q

Functional Anatomy

Describe the pharynx

A
  • 4-5” long skeletal muscle tube
  • Connects the nose to the larynx
  • has 3 subsections

“throat”

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10
Q

Functional Anatomy - Pharynx Subsections

Describe the nasopharynx

A
  • connects nose and oropharynx
  • tonsils present
  • auditory tubes
  • cilia
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11
Q

Functional Anatomy - Pharynx Subsections

Oropharynx

A
  • Connects mouth and pharynx
  • tonsils present
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12
Q

Functional Anatomy - Pharynx Subsections

Laryngopharynx

A

connects oropharynx and larynx

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13
Q

Functional Anatomy - Pharynx

List the functions of the pharynx

A
  • common pathway for air and food
  • equalizes pressure (auditory tubes)
  • houses tonsils
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14
Q

Functional Anatomy - Larynx

List the functions of the larynx

A
  • airway
  • switching mechanism
  • speech
  • cilia traps debris
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15
Q

Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Larynx

Airway

A

hyaline cartilage maintains open airway

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16
Q

Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Larynx

Switching mechanism

A

routes food down appropriate pathway (esophagus)

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17
Q

Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Larynx

Speech

A

created when air passes through the vocal cords

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18
Q

Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Larynx

Cilia

A

ciliated mucous mebranes that move mucous blanket up away from lungs to be swallowed or coughed out

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19
Q

Functional Anatomy - Larynx

List the parts of the larynx

A
  • thyroid cartilage
  • epiglottis
  • glottis
  • vocal cords
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20
Q

Functional Anatomy - Parts of the Larynx

Thyroid cartilage

A

thick cartilage plate that serves to protect the structures of this area

“Adam’s apple”

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21
Q

Functional Anatomy - Parts of the Larynx

Epiglottis

A
  • guards the airway
  • piece of elastic cartilage that closes over the glottis during swallowing
  • Can trigger cough reflex
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22
Q

Functional Anatomy - Parts of the Larynx

Glottis

A

opening at the top of the larynx

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23
Q

Functional Anatomy - Parts of the Larynx

Vocal cords

A

True Cords:
- elastic ligaments attached to skeletal muscle
- More tension = higher pitch

False cords:
- located just outside the true cords
- create sound against pressure

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24
Q

Functional Anatomy

Trachea

A

4-5” long tube from larynx to lungs

“wind pipe”

25
Q

Functional Anatomy - Trachea

List the functions

A
  • airway
  • cilia
26
Q

Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Trachea

Airway

A

cartilage rings maintain an open airway

27
Q

Functional Anatomy - Functions of the Trachea

Cilia

A

move mucous blanket up to be swallowed or coughed out

28
Q

Functional Anatomy - Parts of the Trachea

Cartilage rings

A
  • hyaline cartilage semi-circles
  • keep airway open and allow for expansion of esophagus
29
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lungs

Describe the lungs

A
  • Fill most of thoracic cavity from clavicles to diaphragm
  • primary location of CO2 and O2 exchange
30
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lung Compartments

List the two compartments and their differences

A

Right: 3 lobes

Left: 2 lobes (leaving room for the heart)

31
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lungs

Describe the different parts of the pleural (serous) membranes

A
  • parietal pleura
  • visceral pleura
  • pleural cavity and fluid
32
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Pleural Membranes

Parietal pleura

A
  • lines the cavity and superior face of diaphragm
  • continues around the heart and between lungs
33
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Pleural Membranes

Visceral pleura

A

An extension of parietal pleura which covers the outside of the lungs

34
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Pleural Membranes

Pleural cavity and fluid

A
  • space between the parietal and visceral pleura
  • filled with serous fluid
  • reduces friction
35
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree

Describe this structure

A

Trachea divies into left & right branches before entering the lungs

36
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree

Describe the conducting zone

A

Passage of tubes which bring air to and from the lungs

37
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree - Conducting Zone

List the components of this structure

A
  • Primary bronchii: enter the lungs
  • Secondary bronchii: 1st branches in lung
  • Tertiary bronchii: 2nd branches in lung
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bronchioles
38
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree

Describe the respiratory zone

A

Begins at the end of the terminal branchioles

39
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree - Respiratory Zone

List the components of this structure

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles: branch off of terminal bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts: winding smooth muscle ducts
  • Alveoli: functional unit of the lungs
    –> Approximately 300 million per lung
    –> Made of thin epithelium which allows for gaseous exchange with blood capillaries
    –> Contains surfactant
    ** Mixture of phospholipids and proteins
    **     Decreases surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse
40
Q

Functional Anatomy - Lungs - Bronchial Tree

List the characteristics which change as air flow progresses along the branchial tree

A

Decreases:
- Cilia
- Cartilage rings
- Mucus production

Increases:
- Elastic tissue
- Macrophages
- Smooth muscle
- Lymphoid nodules

41
Q

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

What is the avg breaths/min for a healthy adult?

A

12-16 breaths/min

42
Q

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

List the two phases

A
  • inspiration/inhalation
  • expiratoin/exhalation
43
Q

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

List & describe the two mechanisms of inhalation

A
  • Diaphragmatic - deep abdominal breaths w/ diaphragm contraction to increase thoracic volume
  • Costal - shallow breaths w/ external costals lifting the rib cage & sternum to increase thoracic volume
44
Q

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

Describe expiration/exhalation

A

Passive relaxation of the diaphragm and/or external intercostals

45
Q

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation)

List the specific types of respiration and the muscles they involve

A
  • Inhalation: Diaphragm & ext. intercostals
  • Exhalation: Relaxing of diaphragm + ext. intercostals
  • Forced inhalation: Diaphragm, ext. intercostals, scalenes and SCM all contract
  • Forced exhalation: Int. intercostals + abdominals all contract
46
Q

Physiology of Respiration

List the different aspects of this

A
  • Pressure relationships
  • Boyle’s Law
  • Respiratory process as defined by Boyles Law & pressure relationships
47
Q

Physiology of Respiration

Describe pressure relationships and list the different aspects of it

A

Breathing depends on pressure dynamics between environment, inside lungs, and between pleural membranes

  • atmospheric
  • intrapulmonary
  • intrapleural
48
Q

Physiology of Respiration - Pressure Relationships

Atmospheric

A
  • 760mmHg @ sea level
  • Respiration is always calculated against atmospheric pressure
49
Q

Physiology of Respiration - Pressure Relationships

Intrapulmonary

A
  • Pressure within the lungs/alveoli
  • Rises and falls w/ each breath trying to maintain balance w/ atmospheric pressure
50
Q

Physiology of Respiration - Pressure Relationships

Intrapleural

A
  • Pressure within pleural cavity
  • Always less than pressure w/in lungs to keep lungs inflated
51
Q

Physiology of Respiration

Boyle’s Law

A

When temperature is consistent:
pressure of a gas is inversely related to volume

high pressure = low volume, low pressure = high volume

52
Q

Physiology of Respiration

Respiratory process as defined by Boyle’s Law and pressure relationships

A

Inhalation:
diaphragm contracts and pulls down on lungs while ext. intercostals elevate the rib cage => increasing thoracic volume and decreasing pressure => air flows into lungs

Exhalation:
diaphragm and ext. intercostals relax thus decreasing lung volume and increasing pressure => air flows from high to low atmospheric pressure (aka out of lungs)

53
Q

Physiology of Respiration - Vocabulary

Hypoxia

A
  • Low levels of O2 delivery to tissues
  • Can be due to anemia, pulmonary disease, impaired circulation or sudden increase in altitude
54
Q

Physiology of Respiration - Vocabulary

Eupnea

A

Normal respiration rate (~12-16 breaths/min)

55
Q

Physiology of Respiration - Vocabulary

Apnea

A
  • Cessation of breathing
  • Can also be a result of anxiety or a larger body w/ more weight that’s needed to be moved in diaphragmatic respiration when in supine
56
Q

Factors Affecting Respiration

List the categories of factors that affect respiration

A
  • Muscles
  • Emotional state
  • Condition(s)
  • Other
57
Q

Factors Affecting Respiration

Muscles

A

Diaphragm or intercostals may be inflexible

58
Q

Factors Affecting Respiration

Other

A
  • Histamine (bronchiole constriction)
  • Tumors
  • Inflammation
  • Increased mucus
  • Adhesions in bronchiole walls
  • Chemical irritants
  • Smoking

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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