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A&P 2 > A&P 2.3 - Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

A&P 2.3 - Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

List the types of muscle tissue

A
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
  • Skeletal
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2
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  • Located in the walls of the heart
  • Striated
  • Involuntary
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3
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

Describe smooth muscle tissue

A
  • Located in walls of internal organs and blood vessels (vasoconstriction/dilation)
  • Non-striated
    **more flexible with when and how they contract
    **can move unidirectionally or in waves (peristalsis)
  • Involuntary
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4
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

Describe skeletal muscle

A
  • Attached to bones by tendons
  • Striated
  • Voluntary
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5
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

List the functions of skeletal muscle

A
  1. Producing movement
  2. Maintaining posture
  3. Stabilizing joints
  4. Generating heat
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6
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

Describe skeletal ms function of: producing movement

A
  • Skeletal system and skeletal muscles work together acting on a system of levers
    ** Skeletal ms pulls on bone -> creating movement at or around a joint
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7
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

Describe skeletal ms function of: maintaining posture

A
  • in a constant state of semi-contraction to help in holding skeleton up against gravity
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8
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

Describe skeletal ms function of: stabilizing joints

A
  • skeletal ms surrounds joints -> lends support to ligaments when contracted
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9
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

Describe skeletal ms function of: generating heat

A
  • skeletal ms makes up ~40-50% of body mass
  • when contracting, makes up to 80% of body heat (i.e. why we shiver when cold to rapidyl contract => produce heat)
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10
Q

Properties of Skeletal Muscle

List the different properties

A
  • Excitability
  • Extensibility
  • Contractility
  • Elasticity
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11
Q

Properties of Skeletal Muscle

Describe the property of: excitability

A
  • ability to respond to electrical or chemical signal
  • all skeletal muscle can do this
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12
Q

Properties of Skeletal Muscle

Describe the property of: contractility

A
  • skeletal muscle displays the ability to shorten up to 60% of its resting length
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13
Q

Properties of Skeletal Muscle

Describe the property of: extensibility

A
  • ability to be stretched beyond resting length
  • allows for range of motion
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14
Q

Properties of Skeletal Muscle

Describe the property of: Elasticity

A
  • ability to return to resting length after being stretched
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15
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

List the 6 main structures of skeletal muscle

A
  • Muscle fiber
  • Fascicle
  • Muscle belly
  • Tendon
  • Aponeurosis
  • Musculotendinous (MT) junction
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16
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Describe muscle fibers

A
  • smallest unit
  • striated
  • multinucleated
  • elongated strands of mostly protein
  • store myoglobin (stored form of O2) and glycogen (stored form of glucose)
  • contain many mitochondria
  • may be microscopic or up to 1ft long
  • covered in endomysium

AKA muscle cell / myofiber

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17
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Describe the endomysium

A

CT layer wrapped around/surrounding each muscle cell & continuing into the tendons

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18
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Describe fascicles

A

a group of muscle cells wrapped in CT

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19
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Describe perimysium

A

CT covering wrapped around a fascicle

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20
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Describe the muscle belly

A

a group of fascicles

21
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Describe the epimysium

A

CT covering wrapped around a muscle belly

22
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Describe a tendon

A
  • dense, irregularly arranged CT that attaches ms-bone
  • endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium all join to form a strong attachment of ms-bone
23
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Describe aponeurosis

A

Broad, sheet-like tendon attaching ms-ms, ms-bone, ms-skin

24
Q

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Describe MT junction

A

” Musculotendinous junction”
- where muscle meets tendon
- weakest point of a muscle

25
Q

Action Potential & nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle

List the structures involved

A
  1. Motor unit
  2. Axon
  3. Axon terminal
  4. Neuromuscular junction
  5. Synaptic cleft
  6. Neurotransmitter
  7. Motor end plate
  8. Action potential
26
Q

Action Potential & nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle

Motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all muscle fibers it supplies

27
Q

Action Potential & nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle

Axon

A

an extension off of a motor unit which carries action potential to muscle cell

28
Q

Action Potential & nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle

Axon terminal

A

terminal end of axon which carries electrical energy to muscle cell

AKA synaptic knob

29
Q

Action Potential & nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle

Neuromusclar junction

A

Union of nervous & muscular systems

30
Q

Action Potential & nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle

Synaptic Cleft

A

microscopic space between axon terminal and muscle cell where neurotransmitters are released

31
Q

Action Potential & nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle

Neuortransmitter

A

Chemical released into synaptic cleft which allows for perpetuation of electrial energy to muscle cell

(Acetylcholine)

32
Q

Action Potential & nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle

Motor End Plate

A

region of sarcolemma where axon terminal comes in close contact
- Has receptor sites for neurotransmitters

33
Q

Action Potential & nerve Stimulus of Skeletal Muscle

Action Potential

A

A rapid change in electrical signal that transmits current to an effector cell

34
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

List the different structures involved

A
  1. Sarcoelmma
  2. Sarcoplasm
  3. Myofibrils
  4. Z disc/line
  5. Sarcomere
  6. Actin
  7. Blocking proteins
  8. Binding sites on actin
  9. Myosin
  10. Myosin cross bridges
  11. Sarcomplasmic reticulum
  12. T-tubules
  13. Elastic filaments
35
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Sarcolemma

A
  • Plasma membrane of muscle cell
  • Deep to endomysium

“sarco” = flesh

36
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of muscle cell
Large amounts of glycogen, myoglobin & mitochondria doe tu muscle needs

37
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Myofibrils

A
  • Rod-like protein structures which extend the loength of the muscle cell
  • Make up 80% of muscle cell volume
  • Chains of sarcomeres line up end to end
38
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Z disc/line

A

Coin shaped disc of protein which anchors thick and thin filaments => connecting adjacent sarcomeres

39
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Sarcomere

A
  • smallest unit of contractile region
  • Contains a collection of actin and myosin
  • Sarcomeres lined up end to end to form myofibrils
  • ” z-disc to z-disc”
40
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Actin

A
  • “thin filaments”
  • Made of protein actin
  • Anchors to z-disc and extends into venter of sarcomere
41
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Blocking Proteins

A
  • Present on actin filaments
  • Block binding sites on actin filaments to prevent myosin from binding
  • Change shape in presence of calcium to allow binding
42
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Binding sites on actin

A
  • Allow myosin to attach
  • When blocking proteins change shape in presence of calcium, these are uncovered
43
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Myosin

A
  • “thick filaments”
  • Made of protein myosin
  • Cenetered in sarcomere
  • Attached to z-disc by elastic fibers
44
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Myosin Cross Bridges

A
  • Paddle-like extensions on myosin fiers which attach to binding sites on actin => creating a “power stroke”
45
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Sleeve-like arrangement of tubes surrounding myofibrils
  • store calcium that’s released for muscle contraction
46
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

T-tubules

A
  • Inward extension of sarcolemma which serve to carry action potential into cell
  • filled w/ extracellular fluid
47
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Muscle Cell

Elastic Filaments

A
  • made of protein titin
  • anchor actin and myosin filaments to z-disc and allow for sarcomere to return to normal resting length after being stretched
48
Q

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

List the step-by-step process

A
  1. Action potential (AP) transmitted along the neuron’s axon to axon temrinal (synaptic knob) -> stimulates release of ACh neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
  2. ACh binds with receptor sites on motor end plate -> Na+ channels open and Na+ floods into cell which has a more negative charge => initiates AP to run length of sarcolemma until it reaches T-tubules
  3. AP travels down T-tubules to reach sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) => stimulates Ca channels to open
  4. Calcium ions bind to blocking proteins on actin filament -> blocking proteins change shape => expose binding sites for myosin cross bridges
  5. Myosin cross bridges attach to actin binding sites -> pull actin filaments toward center of sarcomere => muscle contract (“power stroke”)
  6. Meanwhile, ACh is being removed from synaptic cleft => stops AP
  7. Calcium is transported from sarcoplasm back to SR
  8. Blocking proteins return to cover crossbridge binding sites so that myosin can no longer attach and actin releases back to resting position (sarcomere lengthens and muscle relaxes)
  9. ATP provides energy for this mechanism to occur

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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