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IDC School > A&P Unit 1 > Flashcards

A&P Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The science of STRUCTURE

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

The science of body FUNCTION

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3
Q

How many levels of organization are there?

A

6

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4
Q

Smallest to Largest, what are the 6 levels of organization of the human body?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organismal
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5
Q

What is within the chemical level?

A

Atoms and molecules, 2 or more atoms joined together

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6
Q

What’s the smallest unit of matter?

A

Atoms

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7
Q

What atoms are essential for maintaining life?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium

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8
Q

What is the smallest living unit in the human body?

A

Cells

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9
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue?

A

connective, epithelial, muscular, and nervous

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10
Q

Tissues form together to make_____?

A

Organs

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11
Q

Organs join together to make______?

A

a system

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12
Q

What is the largest level of organization?

A

Organismal

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13
Q

Which body systems help eliminate waste?

A

Intugmentary system

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14
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable condition

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15
Q

What systems mainly control homeostasis?

A

Endocrine and Nervous

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16
Q

Homeostasis is considered to be_____?

A

Dynamic

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17
Q

What mostly controls homeostatic mechanisms

A

Endocrine and Nervous system

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18
Q

What does the Nervous system do as a homeostatic mechanism

A

Detects change from a balance state and sends the message in form of nerve impulses

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19
Q

What does the endocrine system do as a homeostatic mechanism

A

corrects the change by secretion of hormones,

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20
Q

What is a feedback system?

A

a cycle of events in which a condition in the body is

continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

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21
Q

what is some examples of a controlled condition?

A

blood pressure
blood glucose
body temp

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22
Q

Define stimulus

A

a disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition

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23
Q

What are the three basic components of a feedback system?

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector

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24
Q

What is a receptor?

A

a body structure that monitors change in a controlled condition

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25
Q

What is a Control Center?

A

Sets the range values of a controlled condition

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26
Q

What is an effector?

A

Receives output from the control center and produces a response

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27
Q

What does a negative feedback loop do?

A

Reverses a change

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28
Q

What is an example of a negative feedback system?

A

Blood pressure
Blood glucose level
Body temp

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29
Q

What does a positive feedback system do?

A

Strengthens a response

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30
Q

What are the examples of a positive feedback system?

A

Child birth
ovulation
blood clotting

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31
Q

What is the most common type of feedback system found in the body?

A

Negative

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32
Q

How are negative and positive feedback systems similar? How are they
different?

A

Similar: both produce a change
Difference: one reverses, one strengthens

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33
Q

Define the anatomical position

A

Body erect, head neutral, eyes forward, palms facing out

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34
Q

Why do we use precise language in anatomy and physiology?

A

To prevent confusion and create a standard

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35
Q

Define prone

A

Face down

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36
Q

Define supine

A

face up

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37
Q

What are the major body regions?

A 
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
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38
Q

Define Superior

A

Toward the head or upper part of a structure

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39
Q

Relate the Heart and the liver using directional terms

A

The heart is superior to the liver

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40
Q

Define Inferior

A

away from the head, body structure

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41
Q

Define Anterior(ventral)

A

Nearer to or the front of the body

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42
Q

Define posterior (dorsal)

A

Toward the back of the body

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43
Q

Define Medial

A

Toward the middle

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44
Q

Define Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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45
Q

Define proximal

A

Toward the attachment point

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46
Q

Define distal

A

Away from the insertion point

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47
Q

What are the 4 major planes?

A

Sagittal, frontal, transverse, and oblique

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48
Q

Define sagittal plane

A

Vertical plane that divides into left and right halves

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49
Q

Define midsagittal

A

Equal left and right halves

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50
Q

Define parasagittal

A

unequal left and right halves

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51
Q

Define frontal plane

A

divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

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52
Q

Define transverse

A

divides body into superior and inferior halves

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53
Q

Which plane does not fall into a right angle?

A

Oblique

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54
Q

What is a body cavity and the purpose of a body cavity?

A

Spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs

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55
Q

What forms the cranial cavity?

A

cranial bones and protects the brain

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56
Q

What makes up the vertebral canal?

A

bones of the vertebrae (spine) and contains the spinal cord

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57
Q

What are the major body cavities of the trunk?

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

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58
Q

What is the thoracic cavity

A

chest

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59
Q

What are the three smaller cavities within the thoracic cavity?

A

pericardial
pleural
mediastinum

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60
Q

what does the mediastinum contain?

A

It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood
vessels.

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61
Q

what shape is the diaphragm?

A

dome

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62
Q

what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

the diaphragm

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63
Q

What is in the upper portion of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine

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64
Q

what is in the lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

urinary bladder, portions

of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system

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65
Q

what are the organs called inside the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

viscera

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66
Q

what is the serous membrane of the pleural cavity called?

A

pleura

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67
Q

what are the nine abdominopelvic regions?

A

Right hypochondriac

b) Epigastric
c) Left hypochondriac
d) Right lumbar
e) Umbilical
f) Left lumbar
g) Right inguinal (iliac)
h) Hypogastric (hi-po-GAS-trik)
i) Left inguinal (iliac)

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68
Q

what are the names of the abdominopelvic quadrants?

A

RUQ, LUQ

RLQ, LLQ

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69
Q

Which is most commonly used by clinicians when referring to the abdominopelvic region?

A

quadrants

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70
Q

List some organs found in each of the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants.

A

Gallbladder Liver //// stomach spleen
————————-////————————-
Large and small intestines
Kidneys (Lumbar region)

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71
Q

What landmarks separate the various body cavities from one another?

A

Midvlavicular

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72
Q

Define chemistry

A

The science of structure and the interactions of matter

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73
Q

Define Mass

A

Amount of matter in any living or nonliving thing

74
Q

How many different elements are there?

A

118

75
Q

How many elements are found in the body?

A

26

76
Q

What constitutes 96% of the bodys mass?

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen

77
Q

how many elements contribute to 3.6% of the bodys mass?

A

8

78
Q

How many trace elements are found in the body?

A

14

79
Q

which element is needed to make thyroid hormones?

A

iodine

80
Q

which element is needed to make hemoglobin?

A

Iron

81
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter?

A

Atom

82
Q

What two basic parts make up an atom?

A

nucleus and 1 or more electrons

83
Q

What kind of charge do protons have?

A

positive

84
Q

What kind of charge does electrons have?

A

negative

85
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom refers to____?

A

Atomic number

86
Q

What makes up the mass number?

A

protons + neutrons

87
Q

If an atom gives up or gains an electron why does it have a positive charge?

A

because of the unequal balance of positive protons and and negative electrons

88
Q

Positive charged ions are called?

A

Cations

89
Q

Negative charged ions are called?

A

anion

90
Q

What is it called when two or more atoms share an electron?

A

Molecule

91
Q

What is a compound?

A

a substance containing atoms of two or more DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

92
Q

is a molecule (O2) of oxygen considered a compound?

A

no because its the same element

93
Q

What is a free radical?

A

unstable ion or molecule that can be destructive to nearby molecules because of its unpaired electron.

(negativity spreads)

94
Q

What is the significance of the valence (outer) electron shell of an atom?

A

they determine how a atom will react

95
Q

Define chemical bonds

A

forces that combine molecules and compounds together

96
Q

What are three general types of chemical bonds?

A

ionic
covalent
hydrogen

97
Q

define ionic bonds

A

the force of attraction

98
Q

where are ionic bonds found?

A

teeth

bones

99
Q

why are electrolytes important?

A

they help with water movement

100
Q

define covalent bonds

A

COMBINED atoms losing or gaining electrons

101
Q

what makes a covalent bond stronger?

A

The greater the number of electron pairs shared between two atoms, the stronger the covalent bond

102
Q

what is the most common bond in the body?

A

covalent

103
Q

True or False; covalent bonds do not break apart when the molecule is dissolved in water.

A

true

104
Q

Define a nonpolar covalent bond

A

one atom does not attract the shared electrons more strongly than the other atom

Non-polar EQUAL

105
Q

define a Polar covalent bond

A

sharing of electrons between atoms is unequal – one
atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the other

Polar=stronger

106
Q

Define hydrogen bond

A

hydrogen bonds result from attraction of oppositely charged

parts of molecules rather than from sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds

107
Q

Which bond is the weakest of the 3?

A

Hydrogen

108
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds important?

A 
They establish important links between molecules, such as water
molecules, or between different parts of large molecules, such as proteins and
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), where they add strength and stability
109
Q

When does a chemical reaction happen?

A

When new bonds form or old bonds break

110
Q

Define energy

A

the capacity to do work

111
Q

What are the two main forms of energy?

A

Potential

Kinetic

112
Q

Define potential energy

A

Energy STORED

113
Q

DEFINE kinetic energy

A

the energy of matter in motion

114
Q

Define a synthesis reaction

A

When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

EX: A+B= AB

115
Q

What are synthesis reactions referred to

A

Anabolism

116
Q

Define decomposition reaction

A

a molecule splits apart
CATABOLISM

EX: AB = A+B

117
Q

What is a decomposition reaction commonly referred to as?

A

Catabolism

118
Q

Where can some energy be temporarily stored?

A

in ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

119
Q

Define exchange reactions

A

they consist of both synthesis

and decomposition reactions.

120
Q

Define reversible reactions

A

Reversible reactions can go in either direction under different conditions

121
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body

122
Q

What are the names of the 2 main classes of compounds found in the body?

A

Organic and inorganic compounds

123
Q

What are some characteristics of inorganic compounds

A

Lack carbon; held by ionic or covalent bonds

Examples include: water (H²O), carbon dioxide (CO²), Bicarbonate (HCO³),and many acids, bases, and salts

124
Q

What does an acid dissociate into?

A

H+ ions

125
Q

What does a base dissociate into?

A

OH- ions

Hydroxide

126
Q

What does a salt dissociate into?

A

a cation or an anion

neither of which is H+ or OH-

127
Q

What happens when acids and bases react with each other

A

they create salts

128
Q

Define organic compounds

A
  • Always contain carbon
  • usually contain hydrogen
  • ALWAYS have covalent bond
129
Q

What are some examples of organic compounds

A
  • Carbohydrates: sugars, glycogen and starches

-

130
Q

Define lipids

A

group of compounds that include triglycerides (fat/oil), phosolipids, steroids, fatty acids, and fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A, D, E, K)

131
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Provide structure, regulate enzyme processes, provide protection, help contract muscles

132
Q

What is the most important inorganic compound in the body?

A

water

133
Q

What percent of body mass consist of water?

A

55-60%

134
Q

Define pH

A

Acid-base balance

135
Q

What makes a solution more acidic?

A

Hydrogen ions (H+)

135
Q

What makes a solution more acidic?

A

Hydrogen ions (H+)

136
Q

What makes a solution more basic?

A

Hydroxide ions (OH-)

137
Q

What is the range of the pH scale

A

0 to 14

Lower the number the more acidic; higher is more basic

138
Q

What is the pH scale based on?

A

the number of hydrogen ions in a solution

139
Q

A solution that has more H+ then OH- is considered what and falls where on the pH scale?

A

Acidic

pH below 7

140
Q

A solution that has more OH- then H+ is considered to be what? and falls where on the pH cale?

A

Basic

Above 7

141
Q

How does the body maintain pH within the limits of homeostasis?

A

Buffer systems

142
Q

where is the pH of blood maintained at?

A

7.35 and 7.45

143
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Maintains pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

144
Q

What are the three main parts of a cell?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

145
Q

What two components can cytoplasm be divided into?

A

Cytosol

Organelles

146
Q

What is cytosol?

A

liquid portion of cytoplasm

147
Q

What is organelles?

A

tiny organs with specific structure and function

148
Q

Define the function of plasma membrane

A

Flexible but sturdy barrier of the cell

149
Q

What are the three types of lipid molecules

A

phosolipids (lipids that contain phosphorus)
cholesterol
glycolipids

150
Q

What are the two types of protein in a membrane?

A

integral

peripheral

151
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

move some substances in or out of the cell but restricts the passage of other substances.

152
Q

What does the lipid portion allow?

A

transport of water

153
Q

What molecules make up the plasma membrane and what are their functions?

A
154
Q

What is meant by selective permeability?

A

The plasma membrane allows some substances to move into and out of the cell but restricts the passage of other substances. This property of membranes is called selective permeability.

155
Q

What is the fluid contained inside body cells called?

A

Intracellular Fluid (ICF).

156
Q

How much of the body is ICF?

A

2/3

157
Q

What is the fluid outside of the cell called?

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF).

158
Q

The ECF found in the microscopic spaces between cells of the tissues is called ________?

A

interstitial fluid

159
Q

What is the ECF in blood vessels called?

A

Plasma

160
Q

What is The difference between high and low concentrations called?

A

concentration gradient

161
Q

What happens in passive transportation?

A

kinetic energy moves molecules down their concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.

162
Q

What happens in Active transportation?

A

Cellular energy (usually ATP) “pushes” against the concentration gradient (Low to high concentration)

163
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

passive process
moves water through selective permeability from high water concentration to low water concentration until equilibrium is reached

164
Q

What are two types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis (cell eating)

Bulk phase or pinocytosis (cell drinking ECF)

165
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

the movement of a substance out of the cell

166
Q

What is the key difference between passive and active processes?

A 
passive = down concentration gradient
Active = up against  concentration gradient
167
Q

How does simple diffusion compare to facilitated diffusion?

A 
Simple = lipid soluble substances move through the lipid bilayer
facilitated = substances move across the membrane with assistance from ion channels and carriers
168
Q

In what ways are endocytosis and exocytosis similar and different?

A

both transport in vesicles
endo= “eats”
exo = removes waste products

169
Q

Define the function of the nucleus

A

it is the “brain” of the cell

170
Q

what separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

A

Nuclear envelope

171
Q

What controls the movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?

A

Nuclear pores

172
Q

How many chromosomes are within the human body?

A

46

173
Q

define genome

A

the total genetic information carried in a cell

174
Q

Define how cells vary in size and shape

A

size and shape of the cell is important in how the cell functions

175
Q

What is the unit called that measures cells?

A

Micrometers

176
Q

How is cell shape related to function, give examples

A

Shape helps carry out the cells function
Ex: Sperm cell = Whip like tail used for locomotion/movement
Red blood cell = disc shape provides large surface area for hemoglobin transportation
spindle shape of a smooth muscle = allows for it to widen or narrow
Nerve cells = long extensions to conduct nerve impulses over long distance

177
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

Combined atoms unequally sharing electrons

178
Q

What is non polar covalent bonds?

A

Shared electrons equally

179
Q

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

A 
Right hypochondriac 
Esophagus 
Left hypochondriac 
Right lumbar 
Umbilical 
Left lumbar 
Right illiciac 
Hypo
Left illiac

Upper:liver, gallbladder, stomach spleen, small intestine and some large

Lower: some of large intestine, urinary bladder and reproductive organs

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