A&P Unit 1 Flashcards
Define Anatomy
The science of STRUCTURE
Define Physiology
The science of body FUNCTION
How many levels of organization are there?
6
Smallest to Largest, what are the 6 levels of organization of the human body?
Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organismal
What is within the chemical level?
Atoms and molecules, 2 or more atoms joined together
What’s the smallest unit of matter?
Atoms
What atoms are essential for maintaining life?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, calcium
What is the smallest living unit in the human body?
Cells
What are the four basic types of tissue?
connective, epithelial, muscular, and nervous
Tissues form together to make_____?
Organs
Organs join together to make______?
a system
What is the largest level of organization?
Organismal
Which body systems help eliminate waste?
Intugmentary system
Define homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable condition
What systems mainly control homeostasis?
Endocrine and Nervous
Homeostasis is considered to be_____?
Dynamic
What mostly controls homeostatic mechanisms
Endocrine and Nervous system
What does the Nervous system do as a homeostatic mechanism
Detects change from a balance state and sends the message in form of nerve impulses
What does the endocrine system do as a homeostatic mechanism
corrects the change by secretion of hormones,
What is a feedback system?
a cycle of events in which a condition in the body is
continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
what is some examples of a controlled condition?
blood pressure
blood glucose
body temp
Define stimulus
a disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition
What are the three basic components of a feedback system?
Receptor
Control center
Effector
What is a receptor?
a body structure that monitors change in a controlled condition
What is a Control Center?
Sets the range values of a controlled condition
What is an effector?
Receives output from the control center and produces a response
What does a negative feedback loop do?
Reverses a change
What is an example of a negative feedback system?
Blood pressure
Blood glucose level
Body temp
What does a positive feedback system do?
Strengthens a response
What are the examples of a positive feedback system?
Child birth
ovulation
blood clotting
What is the most common type of feedback system found in the body?
Negative
How are negative and positive feedback systems similar? How are they
different?
Similar: both produce a change
Difference: one reverses, one strengthens
Define the anatomical position
Body erect, head neutral, eyes forward, palms facing out
Why do we use precise language in anatomy and physiology?
To prevent confusion and create a standard
Define prone
Face down
Define supine
face up
What are the major body regions?
Head Neck Trunk Upper limbs Lower limbs
Define Superior
Toward the head or upper part of a structure
Relate the Heart and the liver using directional terms
The heart is superior to the liver
Define Inferior
away from the head, body structure
Define Anterior(ventral)
Nearer to or the front of the body
Define posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back of the body
Define Medial
Toward the middle
Define Lateral
Away from the midline
Define proximal
Toward the attachment point
Define distal
Away from the insertion point
What are the 4 major planes?
Sagittal, frontal, transverse, and oblique
Define sagittal plane
Vertical plane that divides into left and right halves
Define midsagittal
Equal left and right halves
Define parasagittal
unequal left and right halves
Define frontal plane
divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Define transverse
divides body into superior and inferior halves
Which plane does not fall into a right angle?
Oblique
What is a body cavity and the purpose of a body cavity?
Spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs
What forms the cranial cavity?
cranial bones and protects the brain
What makes up the vertebral canal?
bones of the vertebrae (spine) and contains the spinal cord
What are the major body cavities of the trunk?
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
What is the thoracic cavity
chest
What are the three smaller cavities within the thoracic cavity?
pericardial
pleural
mediastinum
what does the mediastinum contain?
It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood
vessels.
what shape is the diaphragm?
dome
what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
the diaphragm
What is in the upper portion of the abdominopelvic cavity?
stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine
what is in the lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity?
urinary bladder, portions
of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system
what are the organs called inside the abdominopelvic cavity?
viscera
what is the serous membrane of the pleural cavity called?
pleura
what are the nine abdominopelvic regions?
Right hypochondriac
b) Epigastric
c) Left hypochondriac
d) Right lumbar
e) Umbilical
f) Left lumbar
g) Right inguinal (iliac)
h) Hypogastric (hi-po-GAS-trik)
i) Left inguinal (iliac)
what are the names of the abdominopelvic quadrants?
RUQ, LUQ
RLQ, LLQ
Which is most commonly used by clinicians when referring to the abdominopelvic region?
quadrants
List some organs found in each of the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants.
Gallbladder Liver //// stomach spleen
————————-////————————-
Large and small intestines
Kidneys (Lumbar region)
What landmarks separate the various body cavities from one another?
Midvlavicular
Define chemistry
The science of structure and the interactions of matter
Define Mass
Amount of matter in any living or nonliving thing
How many different elements are there?
118
How many elements are found in the body?
26
What constitutes 96% of the bodys mass?
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
how many elements contribute to 3.6% of the bodys mass?
8
How many trace elements are found in the body?
14
which element is needed to make thyroid hormones?
iodine
which element is needed to make hemoglobin?
Iron
What is the smallest unit of matter?
Atom
What two basic parts make up an atom?
nucleus and 1 or more electrons
What kind of charge do protons have?
positive
What kind of charge does electrons have?
negative
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom refers to____?
Atomic number
What makes up the mass number?
protons + neutrons
If an atom gives up or gains an electron why does it have a positive charge?
because of the unequal balance of positive protons and and negative electrons
Positive charged ions are called?
Cations
Negative charged ions are called?
anion
What is it called when two or more atoms share an electron?
Molecule
What is a compound?
a substance containing atoms of two or more DIFFERENT ELEMENTS
is a molecule (O2) of oxygen considered a compound?
no because its the same element
What is a free radical?
unstable ion or molecule that can be destructive to nearby molecules because of its unpaired electron.
(negativity spreads)
What is the significance of the valence (outer) electron shell of an atom?
they determine how a atom will react
Define chemical bonds
forces that combine molecules and compounds together
What are three general types of chemical bonds?
ionic
covalent
hydrogen
define ionic bonds
the force of attraction
where are ionic bonds found?
teeth
bones
why are electrolytes important?
they help with water movement
define covalent bonds
COMBINED atoms losing or gaining electrons
what makes a covalent bond stronger?
The greater the number of electron pairs shared between two atoms, the stronger the covalent bond
what is the most common bond in the body?
covalent
True or False; covalent bonds do not break apart when the molecule is dissolved in water.
true
Define a nonpolar covalent bond
one atom does not attract the shared electrons more strongly than the other atom
Non-polar EQUAL
define a Polar covalent bond
sharing of electrons between atoms is unequal – one
atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the other
Polar=stronger
Define hydrogen bond
hydrogen bonds result from attraction of oppositely charged
parts of molecules rather than from sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds
Which bond is the weakest of the 3?
Hydrogen
Why are hydrogen bonds important?
They establish important links between molecules, such as water molecules, or between different parts of large molecules, such as proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), where they add strength and stability
When does a chemical reaction happen?
When new bonds form or old bonds break
Define energy
the capacity to do work
What are the two main forms of energy?
Potential
Kinetic
Define potential energy
Energy STORED
DEFINE kinetic energy
the energy of matter in motion
Define a synthesis reaction
When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules
EX: A+B= AB
What are synthesis reactions referred to
Anabolism
Define decomposition reaction
a molecule splits apart
CATABOLISM
EX: AB = A+B
What is a decomposition reaction commonly referred to as?
Catabolism
Where can some energy be temporarily stored?
in ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Define exchange reactions
they consist of both synthesis
and decomposition reactions.
Define reversible reactions
Reversible reactions can go in either direction under different conditions
What is metabolism?
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
What are the names of the 2 main classes of compounds found in the body?
Organic and inorganic compounds
What are some characteristics of inorganic compounds
Lack carbon; held by ionic or covalent bonds
Examples include: water (H²O), carbon dioxide (CO²), Bicarbonate (HCO³),and many acids, bases, and salts
What does an acid dissociate into?
H+ ions
What does a base dissociate into?
OH- ions
Hydroxide
What does a salt dissociate into?
a cation or an anion
neither of which is H+ or OH-
What happens when acids and bases react with each other
they create salts
Define organic compounds
- Always contain carbon
- usually contain hydrogen
- ALWAYS have covalent bond
What are some examples of organic compounds
- Carbohydrates: sugars, glycogen and starches
-
Define lipids
group of compounds that include triglycerides (fat/oil), phosolipids, steroids, fatty acids, and fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A, D, E, K)
What do proteins do?
Provide structure, regulate enzyme processes, provide protection, help contract muscles
What is the most important inorganic compound in the body?
water
What percent of body mass consist of water?
55-60%
Define pH
Acid-base balance
What makes a solution more acidic?
Hydrogen ions (H+)
What makes a solution more acidic?
Hydrogen ions (H+)
What makes a solution more basic?
Hydroxide ions (OH-)
What is the range of the pH scale
0 to 14
Lower the number the more acidic; higher is more basic
What is the pH scale based on?
the number of hydrogen ions in a solution
A solution that has more H+ then OH- is considered what and falls where on the pH scale?
Acidic
pH below 7
A solution that has more OH- then H+ is considered to be what? and falls where on the pH cale?
Basic
Above 7
How does the body maintain pH within the limits of homeostasis?
Buffer systems
where is the pH of blood maintained at?
7.35 and 7.45
What is a buffer?
Maintains pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
What are the three main parts of a cell?
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
What two components can cytoplasm be divided into?
Cytosol
Organelles
What is cytosol?
liquid portion of cytoplasm
What is organelles?
tiny organs with specific structure and function
Define the function of plasma membrane
Flexible but sturdy barrier of the cell
What are the three types of lipid molecules
phosolipids (lipids that contain phosphorus)
cholesterol
glycolipids
What are the two types of protein in a membrane?
integral
peripheral
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
move some substances in or out of the cell but restricts the passage of other substances.
What does the lipid portion allow?
transport of water
What molecules make up the plasma membrane and what are their functions?
What is meant by selective permeability?
The plasma membrane allows some substances to move into and out of the cell but restricts the passage of other substances. This property of membranes is called selective permeability.
What is the fluid contained inside body cells called?
Intracellular Fluid (ICF).
How much of the body is ICF?
2/3
What is the fluid outside of the cell called?
Extracellular Fluid (ECF).
The ECF found in the microscopic spaces between cells of the tissues is called ________?
interstitial fluid
What is the ECF in blood vessels called?
Plasma
What is The difference between high and low concentrations called?
concentration gradient
What happens in passive transportation?
kinetic energy moves molecules down their concentration gradient from higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
What happens in Active transportation?
Cellular energy (usually ATP) “pushes” against the concentration gradient (Low to high concentration)
What is Osmosis?
passive process
moves water through selective permeability from high water concentration to low water concentration until equilibrium is reached
What are two types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis (cell eating)
Bulk phase or pinocytosis (cell drinking ECF)
What is exocytosis?
the movement of a substance out of the cell
What is the key difference between passive and active processes?
passive = down concentration gradient Active = up against concentration gradient
How does simple diffusion compare to facilitated diffusion?
Simple = lipid soluble substances move through the lipid bilayer facilitated = substances move across the membrane with assistance from ion channels and carriers
In what ways are endocytosis and exocytosis similar and different?
both transport in vesicles
endo= “eats”
exo = removes waste products
Define the function of the nucleus
it is the “brain” of the cell
what separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
Nuclear envelope
What controls the movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?
Nuclear pores
How many chromosomes are within the human body?
46
define genome
the total genetic information carried in a cell
Define how cells vary in size and shape
size and shape of the cell is important in how the cell functions
What is the unit called that measures cells?
Micrometers
How is cell shape related to function, give examples
Shape helps carry out the cells function
Ex: Sperm cell = Whip like tail used for locomotion/movement
Red blood cell = disc shape provides large surface area for hemoglobin transportation
spindle shape of a smooth muscle = allows for it to widen or narrow
Nerve cells = long extensions to conduct nerve impulses over long distance
What is a polar covalent bond?
Combined atoms unequally sharing electrons
What is non polar covalent bonds?
Shared electrons equally
What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?
Right hypochondriac Esophagus Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right illiciac Hypo Left illiac
Upper:liver, gallbladder, stomach spleen, small intestine and some large
Lower: some of large intestine, urinary bladder and reproductive organs
