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AS Physical Education > A&P Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

A&P Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Define and give and example of an isotonic concentric contraction

A

Muscle contraction when the muscle shortens under tension. Eg hamstrings muscle during knee flexion in preparation phase of a kick

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2
Q

Which type of muscle fibres have many mitochondria and resists fatigue?

A

Type 1- slow oxidative muscle fibres

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3
Q

Name the agonist and antagonist muscles for hip extension

A

Agonist- gluteus maximus Antagonist- iliopsoas

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4
Q

Define osteoporosis

A

Disease characterised by low bone density

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5
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Wearing down of articulate cartilage, causing swollen and painful joints

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6
Q

Which muscle fibres have few capillaries and high anaerobic capacity

A

Type 2b- fast twitch glycolytic

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7
Q

Define an eccentric muscle contraction

A

Muscle works whilst lengthening

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8
Q

What is the movement? Agonist- biceps femoris Antagonist- rectus femoris

A

Flexion of the knee

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9
Q

Name the antagonist muscle for elbow extension

A

Biceps brachii

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10
Q

Name the agonist and antagonist in plantar flexion of the ankle

A

Agonist- gastrocnemius/soleus Antagonist- tibialis anterior

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11
Q

A condition characterised by premature closing of the epiphysis, often associated with gymnasts and weightlifters

A

Growth plate disorder

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12
Q

Which type of activities can be dangerous to joints due to over stretching connective tissue

A

High contact/collision physical activities

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13
Q

Give an example of an isometric contraction?

A

Gymnasts when holding the crucifix position on the rings. Muscles are applying force but not changing length

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14
Q

Name 5 structures that determine synovial joint stability

A

Ligaments, tendons, muscle mass, bursae, articulate cartilage, joint depth, synovial fluid, joint capsule, synovial membrane, meniscus, joint cavity

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15
Q

Which muscles help your posture?

A

Transverse abdominis Multifidis Erector spinae

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16
Q

Sports that can damage joints by wearing away the articular cartilage. Eg tennis elbow and shin splints

A

Repetitive action physical activity

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17
Q

Which joint allows a leg spin bowler to impart spin on a cricket ball

A

Radio-ulnar joint

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18
Q

Name the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff

A

Teres minor Infraspinatus Subscapularis Supraspinatus

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19
Q

What increases muscle temperature, elasticity and reduces the risk of injury?

A

Warm up

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20
Q

Describe abduction

A

Movement away from the body’s centre line

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21
Q

List the parts of the spine

A

Atlas/axis Cervicle Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccyx

22
Q

Name the agonist for flexion of the spine

A

Rectus abdominis

23
Q

Name 3 types of injury that can affect connective tissue and joint stability

A

Sprains Strains Dislocations

24
Q

Name 2 structural and functional characteristics of Type 1 muscle fibres

A

Structural- small/many mitochondria, many capillaries, thin myelin sheath Functional- low speed/force of contraction, high fatigue resistance

25
Q

Give an example of the 6 types of synovial joints

A

Condyloid- wrist Hinge- knee Ball and socket- hip Pivot- neck Gliding- metacarpals Saddle- thumb

26
Q

Which 2 movements occur at the radio-ulnar joint?

A

Pronation and supination

27
Q

Which plane of movement is a cyclist working in?

A

Saggital

28
Q

Decreasing the angle of a joint is known as _______

A

Flexion

29
Q

This occurs at the shoulder when the joint is already flexed and parallel to the ground and moves towards the middle of the body

A

Horizontal flexion

30
Q

Describe the movement occurring to the knee joint during the execution phase of kicking in football. Also give the agonist and antagonist muscle

A

Knee extension Agonist- Rectus femoris (quadriceps group) Antagonist- Biceps femoris (hamstrings group)

31
Q

Name the articulating bones of the shoulder

A

Humerus, glenoid fossa cavity of scapula

32
Q

Name the articulating bones of the hip

A

Femur and acetabulum of pelvis

33
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii?

A

Origin- scapula

Insertion- radius

34
Q

Which muscle is responsible for hip flexion?

A

Iliopsoas

35
Q

Name the 4 quadriceps muscles

A

Rectus femoris

Vastus medialis

Vastus lateralis

Vastus intermedius

36
Q

Name two effects of warm up on the cardiac system

A

Increased HR

Increased SV

Increased Q

37
Q

What is adduction?

A

Adduction of a joint makes the body part move towards the midline e.g. the inward phase of a star-jump

38
Q

What is an antagonistic pair?

A

Two (or more) muscles which work together to provide co-ordinated movement

39
Q

Antagonistic muscle action

A

When two muscles work together to produce co-ordinated movement - as one muscle lengthens the opposing muscle shortens

40
Q

These are small bony projections which form around the joint surface that cause pain and limit movement. Associated with osteoarthritis

A

Bone spurs

41
Q

These contribute to joint stability by connecting bone to bone

A

Ligaments

42
Q

What is meant by the term sedentary lifestyle?

A

An inactive lifestyle with a limited amount of physical activity

43
Q

Name 3 effects of warm uo on the respiratory system

A

Increased rate and depth of breathing

Increased tidal volume

Increased minute ventilation

44
Q

What is core stability?

A

The ability of the trunk region to stabilise the body during physical activity. It allows muscles and joints to work safely and efficiently

45
Q

Name 2 effects of warm up on the vascular system

A

Increased Cardiac Output (Q) to the working muscles

Increased venous return

Increased vascular shunt

46
Q

Name 3 effects of warm up on the musculo-skeletal system

A

Increased speed and force of contractions

Decreased muscle viscosity

Increased O2 delivery

Increased coordination of muscle pairs

47
Q

Name 2 effects of warm up on the body’s metabolism

A

Increased core temperature

Decreased O2 deficit

Delayed OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation)

48
Q

Name 5 other general effects of warm up on performance

A

Decreased risk of injury

Delays fatigue

Psychological preparation

49
Q

Decreased recovery time

Prevents blood pooling

Better preparation for next training session

Prevents DOMS

These are effects of?

A

An appropriate cool down

50
Q

What is the point of a cool down?

A

Gets the body back to its pre-exercise state

Optimises the adaptation processes

Minimises DOMS

Prepares you for your next performacne

51
Q

Apart from a cool down, what other practices can/should be included in a recovery programme?

A

Diet- replace carbohydrates and consume protein to aid recovery

Ice baths

Compression clothing

Consume water and electrolytes to rehydrate

Rest

AS Physical Education (10 decks)

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