A&P Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Define and give and example of an isotonic concentric contraction
Muscle contraction when the muscle shortens under tension. Eg hamstrings muscle during knee flexion in preparation phase of a kick
Which type of muscle fibres have many mitochondria and resists fatigue?
Type 1- slow oxidative muscle fibres
Name the agonist and antagonist muscles for hip extension
Agonist- gluteus maximus Antagonist- iliopsoas
Define osteoporosis
Disease characterised by low bone density
What is osteoarthritis?
Wearing down of articulate cartilage, causing swollen and painful joints
Which muscle fibres have few capillaries and high anaerobic capacity
Type 2b- fast twitch glycolytic
Define an eccentric muscle contraction
Muscle works whilst lengthening
What is the movement? Agonist- biceps femoris Antagonist- rectus femoris
Flexion of the knee
Name the antagonist muscle for elbow extension
Biceps brachii
Name the agonist and antagonist in plantar flexion of the ankle
Agonist- gastrocnemius/soleus Antagonist- tibialis anterior
A condition characterised by premature closing of the epiphysis, often associated with gymnasts and weightlifters
Growth plate disorder
Which type of activities can be dangerous to joints due to over stretching connective tissue
High contact/collision physical activities
Give an example of an isometric contraction?
Gymnasts when holding the crucifix position on the rings. Muscles are applying force but not changing length
Name 5 structures that determine synovial joint stability
Ligaments, tendons, muscle mass, bursae, articulate cartilage, joint depth, synovial fluid, joint capsule, synovial membrane, meniscus, joint cavity
Which muscles help your posture?
Transverse abdominis Multifidis Erector spinae
Sports that can damage joints by wearing away the articular cartilage. Eg tennis elbow and shin splints
Repetitive action physical activity
Which joint allows a leg spin bowler to impart spin on a cricket ball
Radio-ulnar joint
Name the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff
Teres minor Infraspinatus Subscapularis Supraspinatus
What increases muscle temperature, elasticity and reduces the risk of injury?
Warm up
Describe abduction
Movement away from the body’s centre line
List the parts of the spine
Atlas/axis Cervicle Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccyx
Name the agonist for flexion of the spine
Rectus abdominis
Name 3 types of injury that can affect connective tissue and joint stability
Sprains Strains Dislocations
Name 2 structural and functional characteristics of Type 1 muscle fibres
Structural- small/many mitochondria, many capillaries, thin myelin sheath Functional- low speed/force of contraction, high fatigue resistance
Give an example of the 6 types of synovial joints
Condyloid- wrist Hinge- knee Ball and socket- hip Pivot- neck Gliding- metacarpals Saddle- thumb
Which 2 movements occur at the radio-ulnar joint?
Pronation and supination
Which plane of movement is a cyclist working in?
Saggital
Decreasing the angle of a joint is known as _______
Flexion
This occurs at the shoulder when the joint is already flexed and parallel to the ground and moves towards the middle of the body
Horizontal flexion
Describe the movement occurring to the knee joint during the execution phase of kicking in football. Also give the agonist and antagonist muscle
Knee extension Agonist- Rectus femoris (quadriceps group) Antagonist- Biceps femoris (hamstrings group)
Name the articulating bones of the shoulder
Humerus, glenoid fossa cavity of scapula
Name the articulating bones of the hip
Femur and acetabulum of pelvis
Where is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii?
Origin- scapula
Insertion- radius
Which muscle is responsible for hip flexion?
Iliopsoas
Name the 4 quadriceps muscles
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Name two effects of warm up on the cardiac system
Increased HR
Increased SV
Increased Q
What is adduction?
Adduction of a joint makes the body part move towards the midline e.g. the inward phase of a star-jump
What is an antagonistic pair?
Two (or more) muscles which work together to provide co-ordinated movement
Antagonistic muscle action
When two muscles work together to produce co-ordinated movement - as one muscle lengthens the opposing muscle shortens
These are small bony projections which form around the joint surface that cause pain and limit movement. Associated with osteoarthritis
Bone spurs
These contribute to joint stability by connecting bone to bone
Ligaments
What is meant by the term sedentary lifestyle?
An inactive lifestyle with a limited amount of physical activity
Name 3 effects of warm uo on the respiratory system
Increased rate and depth of breathing
Increased tidal volume
Increased minute ventilation
What is core stability?
The ability of the trunk region to stabilise the body during physical activity. It allows muscles and joints to work safely and efficiently
Name 2 effects of warm up on the vascular system
Increased Cardiac Output (Q) to the working muscles
Increased venous return
Increased vascular shunt
Name 3 effects of warm up on the musculo-skeletal system
Increased speed and force of contractions
Decreased muscle viscosity
Increased O2 delivery
Increased coordination of muscle pairs
Name 2 effects of warm up on the body’s metabolism
Increased core temperature
Decreased O2 deficit
Delayed OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation)
Name 5 other general effects of warm up on performance
Decreased risk of injury
Delays fatigue
Psychological preparation
Decreased recovery time
Prevents blood pooling
Better preparation for next training session
Prevents DOMS
These are effects of?
An appropriate cool down
What is the point of a cool down?
Gets the body back to its pre-exercise state
Optimises the adaptation processes
Minimises DOMS
Prepares you for your next performacne
Apart from a cool down, what other practices can/should be included in a recovery programme?
Diet- replace carbohydrates and consume protein to aid recovery
Ice baths
Compression clothing
Consume water and electrolytes to rehydrate
Rest
