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AS Physical Education > A&P Cardiorespiratory System > Flashcards

A&P Cardiorespiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

An additional muscle which aids inspiration during exercise

A

Pectoralis minor

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2
Q

An additional muscle which aids expiration during exercise

A

Internal intercostals

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3
Q

The movement of gases from an area of high to low pressure

A

Diffusion

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4
Q

Describe altitude

A

A training area >1500m above sea level where partial pressure of oxygen in the air is lower (than at sea level)

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5
Q

Red pigment in muscle cells that stores oxygen

A

Myoglobin

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6
Q

Define Asthma

A

Reversible narrowing of the airways with associated wheezing/ coughing/breathlessness

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7
Q

Strengthening of the respiratory muscles is called

A

Inspiratory muscle training (IMT)

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8
Q

What is carbon monoxide?

A

Poisonous gas inhaled when smoking. Haemoglobin has higher affinity for this than O2

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9
Q

The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide at the capillary – muscle site

A

Internal respiration

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10
Q

Describe capillaries

A

A blood vessel that maximises diffusion by being only one cell thick

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11
Q

Describe the BOHR effect

A

an increase in the diffusion gradient caused by:
an increase in blood acidity and temperature
causes the oxygen-dissociation curve to shift to the right increasing the dissociation of O2 from haemoglobin

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12
Q

an increase in the number of capillaries due to aerobic training

A

Capillarisation

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13
Q

changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide or lactic acid are sensed by these structures

A

Chemoreceptors

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14
Q

the difference between the concentration of a substance in one area compared to another area / also known as concentration gradient

A

Diffusion gradient

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15
Q

this occurs when additional muscles such as the rectus abdominis, obliques and internal intercostals contract
or
a large decrease in thoracic cavity volume

A

Expiration during exercise

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16
Q

What is the expiratory centre?

A

this sends stimulation to the rectus abdominis which stimulates a forced expiration

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17
Q

What is gaseous exchange?

A

the process of diffusion across a membrane

18
Q

a red blood cell that carries oxygen in the blood stream

A

Haemoglobin

19
Q

this occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostals contract
or
a small intake of air

A

Inspiration at rest

20
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

the pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gase , oxygen has a high PO2 in the alveoli

21
Q

What is the RCC and where is it in the body?

A

this is the Respiratory Control Centre, found in the medulla oblongata. It has two areas - one inspiratory and one expiratory

22
Q

sensory structures that recognises changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

23
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Sense pressure changes in stretch of the lungs and blood

24
Q

These structures sense movement in the body

A

Proprioceptors

25
Q

A sensory mechanism that feeds the

respiratory control centre

A

Neural Control

26
Q

An additional inspiratory muscle used when

exercising

A

Scalenes

27
Q

This is high in the capillary blood and low in

the muscle tissues at rest

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

28
Q

This process is caused by an increase in

thoracic cavity volume

A

Inspiration

29
Q

Name 3 training effects on the respiratory system

A

An increase in tidal volume, capillarisation
and strengthening of the respiratory muscles
are all..

30
Q

The Bohr effect is caused by this happening

during exercise

A

Increased acidity levels

31
Q

Where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower in the alveolar air

A

Altitude

32
Q

Expiration is due to passive recoil of the
external intercostals and diaphragm in this
condition

A

Rest

33
Q

An oxygen dissociation curve shows this level

of oxygen in the haemoglobin

A

Saturation level

34
Q

What is “train high, live low?”

A

A way of using altitude to maximise training

adaptations

35
Q

What are aerobic adaptations?

A

Structural changes in response to aerobic training e.g. increased mitochondrial density and capillarisation

36
Q

This is work performed without the use of oxygen - high intensity and short duration due to production of lactic acid as a by-product

A

Anaerobic work

37
Q

A thin muscle separating the chest and the abdomen. The main muscle used in passive and active breathing

A

Diaphragm

38
Q

The process of inspiration and expiration through the mechanics of breathing is called?

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

39
Q

Which hormone produces a greater amount of red blood cells at altitude

A

EPO - Erythropoietin

40
Q

When we exercise, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the ……….

A

Right - decreasing the affinity between red blood cells and carried oxygen to allow it to reach the working muscles - DISSOCIATION

AS Physical Education (10 decks)

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