A&P Cardiorespiratory System Flashcards
An additional muscle which aids inspiration during exercise
Pectoralis minor
An additional muscle which aids expiration during exercise
Internal intercostals
The movement of gases from an area of high to low pressure
Diffusion
Describe altitude
A training area >1500m above sea level where partial pressure of oxygen in the air is lower (than at sea level)
Red pigment in muscle cells that stores oxygen
Myoglobin
Define Asthma
Reversible narrowing of the airways with associated wheezing/ coughing/breathlessness
Strengthening of the respiratory muscles is called
Inspiratory muscle training (IMT)
What is carbon monoxide?
Poisonous gas inhaled when smoking. Haemoglobin has higher affinity for this than O2
The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide at the capillary – muscle site
Internal respiration
Describe capillaries
A blood vessel that maximises diffusion by being only one cell thick
Describe the BOHR effect
an increase in the diffusion gradient caused by:
an increase in blood acidity and temperature
causes the oxygen-dissociation curve to shift to the right increasing the dissociation of O2 from haemoglobin
an increase in the number of capillaries due to aerobic training
Capillarisation
changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide or lactic acid are sensed by these structures
Chemoreceptors
the difference between the concentration of a substance in one area compared to another area / also known as concentration gradient
Diffusion gradient
this occurs when additional muscles such as the rectus abdominis, obliques and internal intercostals contract
or
a large decrease in thoracic cavity volume
Expiration during exercise
What is the expiratory centre?
this sends stimulation to the rectus abdominis which stimulates a forced expiration
What is gaseous exchange?
the process of diffusion across a membrane
a red blood cell that carries oxygen in the blood stream
Haemoglobin
this occurs when the diaphragm and external intercostals contract
or
a small intake of air
Inspiration at rest
What is partial pressure?
the pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gase , oxygen has a high PO2 in the alveoli
What is the RCC and where is it in the body?
this is the Respiratory Control Centre, found in the medulla oblongata. It has two areas - one inspiratory and one expiratory
sensory structures that recognises changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
What do baroreceptors do?
Sense pressure changes in stretch of the lungs and blood
These structures sense movement in the body
Proprioceptors
A sensory mechanism that feeds the
respiratory control centre
Neural Control
An additional inspiratory muscle used when
exercising
Scalenes
This is high in the capillary blood and low in
the muscle tissues at rest
Partial pressure of oxygen
This process is caused by an increase in
thoracic cavity volume
Inspiration
Name 3 training effects on the respiratory system
An increase in tidal volume, capillarisation
and strengthening of the respiratory muscles
are all..
The Bohr effect is caused by this happening
during exercise
Increased acidity levels
Where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower in the alveolar air
Altitude
Expiration is due to passive recoil of the
external intercostals and diaphragm in this
condition
Rest
An oxygen dissociation curve shows this level
of oxygen in the haemoglobin
Saturation level
What is “train high, live low?”
A way of using altitude to maximise training
adaptations
What are aerobic adaptations?
Structural changes in response to aerobic training e.g. increased mitochondrial density and capillarisation
This is work performed without the use of oxygen - high intensity and short duration due to production of lactic acid as a by-product
Anaerobic work
A thin muscle separating the chest and the abdomen. The main muscle used in passive and active breathing
Diaphragm
The process of inspiration and expiration through the mechanics of breathing is called?
Pulmonary Ventilation
Which hormone produces a greater amount of red blood cells at altitude
EPO - Erythropoietin
When we exercise, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the ……….
Right - decreasing the affinity between red blood cells and carried oxygen to allow it to reach the working muscles - DISSOCIATION
