A&P GI- Reynolds Flashcards
Food enters the abdominopelvic cavity through the __________.
Food enters the abdominopelvic cavity through the esophageal hiatus
T/F The gastroesophageal sphincter keeps air out of stomach during respiration.
FALSE The CRICOpharyngeal muscle keeps air out of stomach during respiration.
Deglutition
Swallowing- initiated voluntarily, continued automatically.
3 phases of swallowing
Buccal phase- leaves mouth, seals soft palate
Pharyngeal phase- Bolus passes glottis
Esophageal- Bolus pushed by paristalsis to stomach
What happens if food becomes stuck in throat
Stretch receptors activate secondary peristalsis that become more forceful until food moves to stomach
4 fxns of stomach
1) storgae of ingested food
2) Mechanical breakdown
3) Chemical breakdown by enzymes and acid
4) Intrinsic factor production(allows for B12 to be absorbed in SI)
The stomach has 5 major regions (_____, _____, body, atrum, pyloris), two sphincters(_____________ and Pyloric), and is inervated by Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and intrinsic system.
The stomach has 5 major regions (cardiac, fundus, body, atrum, pyloris), two sphincters(Gastroesophageal and Pyloric), and is inervated by Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and intrinsic system.
Gastric Pits
Shallow depressions that open onto gastric surface usually covered by simple columnar epithelium of stomach
Parietal cells secrete ______and intrinisc factor while cheif cells secrete ______.
Enteroendocrine cells in the pylorus release ______and ______.
Parietal cells secrete HCL and intrinisc factor while cheif cells secrete Pepsionge.
Enteroendocrine cells in the pylorus release seratonin and gastrin.
_______amounts of food entering the intestine leads to gastrin release. ________ amounts of food entering small intestine will inhibit gastrinsecretion.
Small amounts of food entering the intestine leads to gastrin release. Large amounts of food entering small intestine will inhibit gastrin secretion.
sections of small intestines from first to last
Duodenum-10” Pancreatic juice enters
Jejunum-8’
Ileum-12’
DJ ileum
Villi vs microvilli
Villi are large protrusions that increase absorptive efficiency. Microvilli coat villi and amplify absorptive surface and contain enzymes.
Fxn of brush border of intestinal cells
Attach enzymes for digestion
Peptidases, carbohydrasas(probably not a word)
Enterocytes:
Goblet cells:
Enteroedocrine cells:
Paneth cells:
Duodenal glands:
Small intestine cells
Enterocytes: absorptive cells
Goblet cells: mucin cells
Enteroedocrine cells: secretes (CCK/secretin)for motility&secretion
Paneth cells: Defensive fxn due to antimicrobial defensins
Duodenal glands: Alkaline mucins
_______________ glands release copious amounts of mucins when chyme arrives from stomach to neutralize pH
Duodenal/Brunner’s glands release copious amounts of mucins when chyme arrives from stomach to neutralize pH
The pancreas is found __________ to the stomach and is attached to the ________ by pancreatic duct. Over 90% of pancreas is composed of ______ and exocrine cells.
The pancreas is found posterior to the stomach and is attached to the duodenum by pancreatic duct. Over 90% of pancreas is composed of ductal and exocrine cells.
Pancreatic acini
Exocrine cells of pancreatic exocrine glands.
3 corners of liver where triads are
Hepatic portal vein branch
Hepatic artery branch
bile duct branch
Fxns of liver
Metabolic regulation
detox
plasma protein synth.
glycogen storage/production
removal of hormones&antibodies
partial activation in Vit. D
Removal of bacT and old RBCs
Excretion of Bilirubin
Bile formation
__________ have a hydorphobic and philic section
Bile salts have a hydorphobic and philic section
The common bile duct and pancreatic duct meet at the __________
The common bile duct and pancreatic duct meet at the duodenal ampulla
The Gall bladder stores bile and is located underneath the ________. It is composed of simple columnar epithelium, has a layer of SM, lamina propria, seous membrane. Bile is released when smooth muscle is stimulated by ___________.
The Gall bladder stores bile and is located underneath the liver. It is composed of simple columnar epithelium, has a layer of SM, lamina propria, seous membrane. Bile is released when smooth muscle is stimulated by cholecystokinin.
Hormones that coordinate digestive fxn
Gastrin
secretin
Gastric inhibitory peptide
Cholecystokinin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Enterocrinin
The large intestines absorb…
The large intestines absorb…water, salts, vitamins
The _______receives materials from the ileum.
The cecum receives materials from the ileum.
The wall of the colon forms a series of pouches called _______ that permit expansion and elongation of colon
The wall of the colon forms a series of pouches called haustra that permit expansion and elongation of colon
Taeniae coli
3 longitudinal bands of SM in the colon.
T/F The colon contains no villi.
True. THe colon contains no villi and no enzyme secretion.
3 vitamins produced by bacteria in large intestine
Vitamin K
Biotin
B5
Gastrin
Promotes increased stomach motility and stimulates production of gastric enzymes and acids.
Secretin
Released when chyme enters duodenum.
Increase secretion of bile from liver and buffers from pancreas.
Oposite of gastrin, inhibits motility and secretory rates
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Inhibits gastric activity when fats and carbs enter small intestine. Stimulates insulin release
Cholecystokinin(CCK)
Secreted when chyme reaches duodenum.Increases secretion of bile and pancreatic enzyme & inhibits digestive activities.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP
Stimulates secretion of intestinal glands and inhibits acid production in stomach. Effective way to absorb nutrients.
Enterocrinin
Stimulates mucid production
No questio, just study picture
Gastric glands and what they secrete
Parietal cells-HCL & Intrinisc factor(B12 absorption)
Cheif cells- pepsinogen
Enteroendocrine cells- seratonin, gastrin
Segmentation vs paristalsis
Segentation helos to increase absorption by mixing food with enzymes.
Paristalsis is for propulsion
Small intestine absorptive cells
Enterocytes
Mucin fxn
lubrication and protection
Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestines release
Cholecystokinin(CCK)
Secretin
Duodenal glands(brunners) secrete
alkaline mucins
Mixing occurs in the _______ of the SI.
Chemical digestion occurs in the ________ of the SI.
Absorption occurs in the peyer’s patches of the _________ of the SI.
Mixing occurs in the Duodenum of the SI.
Chemical digestion occurs in the Jejunum of the SI.
Absorption occurs in the Ilium of the SI.
Pancreatic acini
Pockets lined with simple cuboidal epithelium. Serous acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes. Most are proenzymes that only become active in the lumen of small intestine.
Proteases break down what?
Peptidases?
Proteases: large protein complexes
Peptidases: small peptide chains of AAs
Hormone that causes acid production of paritetal cells and stimulates mixing waves of gastric motility
gastrin
Hormone causes release of insulin from pancreas and inhibits gastrin
GIP
Hormone that causes dilation of intestinal capilaries which facilitates nutrient absorption
Vasoactive intestinal prptide (VIP)
Hormone that causes release of pancreatic enzyme/buffers, bile secretion and ejection.
Secretin AND CCK
Haistra
Series of pouches that permit expansion and elongation of the colon
Fatty appendicies/ epiploic appendages
teardrop shaped sacs of fat on serosa of colon
Bile salt recycling
94% released are reabsorbed in terminal ileum
Small longitudinal folds in rectum are called
anal columns
