a&p exam #5 study guide Flashcards
1
Q
name: major endocrine glands in the body
A
- pituitary
- pineal
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenal
- thymus
- pancreas
- gonads
- hypothalamus
2
Q
how are hormones usually classified?
A
proteins or steroids
3
Q
LIST: protein (amino) hormones
A
- GH
- FSH
- insulin/glucagon
- pituitary hormones
4
Q
LIST: steroid hormones
A
- testosterone
- estrogen
- preogesterone
- cortisol (glucocorticoid)
- aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
5
Q
how are the release of hormones (in general) regulated?
A
regulated by feedback mechanisms
6
Q
how are hormones distributed throughout the body?
A
secreted into the bloodstream
7
Q
anatomy: pituitary gland
A
pea-sized that has 2 lobes (anterior/posterior)
8
Q
how is the pituitary gland connected to the brain?
A
loc: anterior base of the brain that hangs from the hypothalamus
9
Q
what structure regulates the pituitary gland?
A
hypothalamus
10
Q
LIST: hormones produced by the ANTERIOR pituitary gland?
A
- ACTH
- TSH
- GH
- FSH
- LH
- prolactin
11
Q
name, target organ, effect: ACTH
A
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- adrenal cortex
- stress response
12
Q
name, target organ, effect: TSH
A
- thyroid stimulating hormone
- thyroid
- maintaining metabolism
13
Q
name, target organ, effect: GH
A
- growth hormone
- muscles & long bones
- build bones & muscles
14
Q
name, target organ, effect: FSH
A
- follicle stimulating hormone
- testes or ovaries
- ctrl production of sperm; grow & prep eggs for ovulation
15
Q
name, target organ, effect: LH
A
- lutenizing hormone
- testes or ovaries
- prod. testosterone; regulate menstrual cycle
16
Q
LIST: hormones produced by the POSTERIOR pituitary gland?
A
oxytocin
ADH
17
Q
name, target organ, effect: oxytocin
A
- oxytocin
- uterus, breasts
- stimulates contractions & milk ejection
18
Q
name, target organ, effect: ADH
A
- anti-diuretic hormone
- kidneys, bladder, urethra
- inhibit urine production
19
Q
anatomy & loc: thyroid gland
A
anatomy: ‘H’ shaped (2 lobes w. a connecting isthmus)
loc: base of throat
20
Q
LIST: hormones produced by follicular cells of thyroid
A
- thyroid hormones
- calcitonin
21
Q
what regulates the release of the thyroid hormone?
A
hypothalamus
22
Q
what regulates the release of calcitonin?
A
thyroid
23
Q
target, effects: thyroid hormone
A
- heart, CNS, ANS, bone, GI, & metabolism
- sets metabolic rate
24
Q
target, effects: calcitonin
A
- bone & kidney
- balance calcium concentration in blood
25
sympt/signs: hyperthyroidism
- overproduction of thyroid hormone
- weight loss, hand tremors, irregular heartbeat
26
sympt/signs: hypothyroidism
- abnormal low production of thyroid hormone
- tired, weight gain, intolerable to cold temp
27
loc: parathyroid glands
tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
28
LIST: hormone produced by the parathyroid gland
PTH: parathyroid hormone
29
what regulates the release of PTH hormone?
low calcium levels in the blood
30
target, effects: PTH
- bone & kidneys
- stim osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
- stim kidneys & intestine to absorb calcium
- raise calcium levels in blood
31
anatomy & loc: adrenal gland
- 2 triangle shaped glands
- cortex: outer region in 3 layers
- medulla: inner neural tissue region
- loc: sit on top of the kidneys
32
LIST: hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
- aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
- glucocorticoids
- sex hormones
33
what controls the release of glucocorticoids?
hypothalamus
34
target, effects: glucocorticoids
- damaged inflammatory tissues
- promote normal cell metabolism
- resist long-term stressors
35
which part of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine?
adrenal medulla
36
which part of the adrenal gland produces norepinephrine?
adrenal medulla
37
what controls the release of epinephrine/NE?
adrenal medulla by the hypothalamus
38
anatomy & loc: pancreas
- an elongated, tapered organ located behind the stomach on the right side
39
LIST: hormones produced by the pancreas
- insulin
- glucagon
40
what controls the release of the pancreas hormones?
- insulin: β cells of islets of langerhans
- glucagon: low blood glucose
41
target, effects: insulin
- liver
- lowers blood pressure (liver makes glycogen)
42
target, effects: glucagon
- liver
- raises blood pressure (liver breaks down glycogen)
43
difference b/w type I and type II diabetes mellitus
type I: pancreas does not make insulin; insulin dependant; born w. it
type II: pancreas does not make enough insulin; insulin resistant; lifestyle
44
fx: digestive system
digest & absorb food, then excrete the waste
45
LIST: (in order) organs of the GI tract
mouth --> pharynx --> esophagus --> stomach --> small intestine --> large intestine
46
accessory organs of digestion
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
47
diff b/w organ of GI tract & an accessory organ?
- the organs of the gi tract make up one tube that allows food and fluid to pass through during digestion
- accessory organs are not part of the tube but do aid in the digestion process
48
name: involuntary movement of food through the GI tract
peristalsis
49
digestion: mechanical process
food is physically broken down into smaller particles (chewing)
50
digestion: chemical process
certain enzymes break down food into simpler nutrients that can be used by cells
51
oral cavity: what type of epithelial tissue makes up the mucosal lining?
stratified squamous epithelium
52
name & loc: three sets of salivary glands
parotid: near ear
submandibular: floor of mouth
sublingual: beneath tongue, superior to submandibular glands
53
what is saliva made of?
99.5% water
0.5% solutes
54
purpose of saliva
helps digest the starches in your food
55
fx: teeth
breaks down food physically
56
fx: uvula
secretes saliva
57
fx: epiglottis
traffic ctrl for air and food
58
fx: esophagus
transports food from the mouth into the stomach
59
esophagus: what is the epithelial tissue of the mucosal layer?
partially keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
60
esophagus: what are the muscle tissues in the muscularis externa?
top 1/3: skeletal
mid 1/3: skeletal & smooth
bot 1/3: smooth
61
purpose of rugae (gastric folds)
increase the stomach's surface area
62
what type of epithelial tissue is found in the mucosa of the stomach?
simple columnar epithelium
63
what types of cells are found in the gastric glands?
- surface mucous cell
- mucous neck cell
- parietal cell
- chief cell
- g cell
64
surface mucous cell secretes...
mucous
65
mucous neck cell secretes...
mucous
66
parietal cell secretes...
hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor
67
chief cell secretes...
pepsinogen & gastric lipase
68
g cell secretes...
gastrin
69
fx: HCl in stomach
protein digestion & maintain acidic environment
70
why does the stomach secrete pepsinogen and NOT pepsin?
prevent the auto-digestion of protective proteins in the lining of the digestive tract
71
fx: stomach
digest food and fluid
72
the 3 regions of the small intestine are...
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
73
fx: small intestine
breakdown food, absorb nutrients, get rid of unnecessary bits
74
loc & struc: pancreas
a long tapered organ that sits behind the stomach
75
purpose: sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice
protects the duodenum by neutralizing the acid from the stomach
76
pathway of pancreatic juice:
pancreas --> small intestine
small ducts --> pancreatic duct & accessory duct --> duodenum
77
the pancreatic juice enters the _____ of the small intestine
duodenum
78
sinusoids
small blood vessels replacing capillaries in the liver, spleen, & bone marrow
79
what type of cells are found w.in the lining of the sinusoids?
hepatocytes
80
what is bile?
a yellow-green thick fluid that aids in digestion
81
which cells produce bile?
hepatocytes
82
fx: bile
breaks down fats --> fatty acids
83
pathway of bile: liver to small intestine
liver --> bile duct --> L&R hepatic duct --> common hepatic duct --> common bile duct + cystic duct --> pancreatic duct
84
what happens to bile produced by the liver if no fats are present in the GI tract?
bile will be stored in the gallbladder
85
fx: liver
- produce bile
- filter blood
86
loc: gallbladder
right side of abdomen, below the liver
87
fx: gallbladder
store bile
88
fx: large intestine
- absorb water, electrolytes, & nutrients
- produce vitamins (B, K)
- form & eliminate feces
89
fx: urinary system
- homeostasis: water, ion concentrations, BP, pH, osmolarity
- eliminate waste products (nitrogenous wastes, toxins, drugs)
90
what are the major organs in the urinary system?
- kidneys
- renal pelvis
- ureters
- bladder
- urethra
91
fx & struc: kidneys
fx: remove wastes from blood to produce urine
struc: made of abt a million nephrons
92
fx & struc: renal pelvis
fx: collects urine and leads it to a ureter
struc: a funnel shaped cavity
93
fx & struc: ureters
fx: transport urine from renal pelvis --> bladder
struc: s-shaped tube
94
fx & struc: bladder
fx: temporarily stores urine, then contracts to empty into the urethra
struc: triangle-shaped, hollow organ
95
fx & struc: urethra
fx: carries urine from bladder to outside the body
struc: thin-walled tube
96
what supplies blood to the kidneys?
renal arteries
97
how many nephrons does each kidney have?
abt 1 million
98
diabetes insipidus
a disorder that causes the body to overproduce urine & cannot properly retain water
99
blood flow of kidney: aorta --> i.v.c.
aorta --> renal a. --> segmental a. --> interlobar a. --> actuate a. --> cortical radiate a. --> afferent art. --> nephrons --> venules --> cortical radiate v. --> arcuate v. --> interlobar v. --> renal v. --> ivc
100
what 3 steps produce urine?
glomerular filtration, reabsorption, & secretion
101
fx & struc: nephron
fx: remove waste products & excess water from blood to convert into urine
struc: renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, & collecting duct system
102
glomerular filtrate
flow of plasma from glomerulus into Bowman's space
103
how is the glomerular filtrate formed?
the pressure produced to push water/solutes through the filtration membrane
104
how do we measure the glomerular filtrate?
renal clearance techniques
105
how is the glomerular filtrate controlled?
- autoregulation (myogenic response)
- tubuloglomerular feedback
- renin
106
reabsorption
moves nutrients/water back into bloodstream
107
secretion
- reverse reabsorption
- transports certain molecules out of blood & into urine
108
filtration
kidneys filter unwanted substances from blood & produce urine to secrete them
109
how does ADH ctrl the collecting duct?
increase water reabsorption, decreasing urine production
110
how does ADH get rid of excess h2o?
by peeing
