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(biol 160) anatomy & physiology > a&p exam #5 study guide > Flashcards

a&p exam #5 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

name: major endocrine glands in the body

A
  • pituitary
  • pineal
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
  • thymus
  • pancreas
  • gonads
  • hypothalamus
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2
Q

how are hormones usually classified?

A

proteins or steroids

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3
Q

LIST: protein (amino) hormones

A
  • GH
  • FSH
  • insulin/glucagon
  • pituitary hormones
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4
Q

LIST: steroid hormones

A
  • testosterone
  • estrogen
  • preogesterone
  • cortisol (glucocorticoid)
  • aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
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5
Q

how are the release of hormones (in general) regulated?

A

regulated by feedback mechanisms

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6
Q

how are hormones distributed throughout the body?

A

secreted into the bloodstream

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7
Q

anatomy: pituitary gland

A

pea-sized that has 2 lobes (anterior/posterior)

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8
Q

how is the pituitary gland connected to the brain?

A

loc: anterior base of the brain that hangs from the hypothalamus

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9
Q

what structure regulates the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

LIST: hormones produced by the ANTERIOR pituitary gland?

A
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • GH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • prolactin
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11
Q

name, target organ, effect: ACTH

A
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • adrenal cortex
  • stress response
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12
Q

name, target organ, effect: TSH

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • thyroid
  • maintaining metabolism
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13
Q

name, target organ, effect: GH

A
  • growth hormone
  • muscles & long bones
  • build bones & muscles
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14
Q

name, target organ, effect: FSH

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • testes or ovaries
  • ctrl production of sperm; grow & prep eggs for ovulation
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15
Q

name, target organ, effect: LH

A
  • lutenizing hormone
  • testes or ovaries
  • prod. testosterone; regulate menstrual cycle
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16
Q

LIST: hormones produced by the POSTERIOR pituitary gland?

A

oxytocin
ADH

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17
Q

name, target organ, effect: oxytocin

A
  • oxytocin
  • uterus, breasts
  • stimulates contractions & milk ejection
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18
Q

name, target organ, effect: ADH

A
  • anti-diuretic hormone
  • kidneys, bladder, urethra
  • inhibit urine production
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19
Q

anatomy & loc: thyroid gland

A

anatomy: ‘H’ shaped (2 lobes w. a connecting isthmus)
loc: base of throat

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20
Q

LIST: hormones produced by follicular cells of thyroid

A
  • thyroid hormones
  • calcitonin
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21
Q

what regulates the release of the thyroid hormone?

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

what regulates the release of calcitonin?

A

thyroid

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23
Q

target, effects: thyroid hormone

A
  • heart, CNS, ANS, bone, GI, & metabolism
  • sets metabolic rate
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24
Q

target, effects: calcitonin

A
  • bone & kidney
  • balance calcium concentration in blood
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25
Q

sympt/signs: hyperthyroidism

A
  • overproduction of thyroid hormone
  • weight loss, hand tremors, irregular heartbeat
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26
Q

sympt/signs: hypothyroidism

A
  • abnormal low production of thyroid hormone
  • tired, weight gain, intolerable to cold temp
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27
Q

loc: parathyroid glands

A

tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid

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28
Q

LIST: hormone produced by the parathyroid gland

A

PTH: parathyroid hormone

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29
Q

what regulates the release of PTH hormone?

A

low calcium levels in the blood

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30
Q

target, effects: PTH

A
  • bone & kidneys
  • stim osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
  • stim kidneys & intestine to absorb calcium
  • raise calcium levels in blood
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31
Q

anatomy & loc: adrenal gland

A
  • 2 triangle shaped glands
    • cortex: outer region in 3 layers
    • medulla: inner neural tissue region
  • loc: sit on top of the kidneys
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32
Q

LIST: hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A
  • aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
  • glucocorticoids
  • sex hormones
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33
Q

what controls the release of glucocorticoids?

A

hypothalamus

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34
Q

target, effects: glucocorticoids

A
  • damaged inflammatory tissues
  • promote normal cell metabolism
  • resist long-term stressors
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35
Q

which part of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine?

A

adrenal medulla

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36
Q

which part of the adrenal gland produces norepinephrine?

A

adrenal medulla

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37
Q

what controls the release of epinephrine/NE?

A

adrenal medulla by the hypothalamus

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38
Q

anatomy & loc: pancreas

A
  • an elongated, tapered organ located behind the stomach on the right side
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39
Q

LIST: hormones produced by the pancreas

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
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40
Q

what controls the release of the pancreas hormones?

A
  • insulin: β cells of islets of langerhans
  • glucagon: low blood glucose
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41
Q

target, effects: insulin

A
  • liver
  • lowers blood pressure (liver makes glycogen)
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42
Q

target, effects: glucagon

A
  • liver
  • raises blood pressure (liver breaks down glycogen)
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43
Q

difference b/w type I and type II diabetes mellitus

A

type I: pancreas does not make insulin; insulin dependant; born w. it
type II: pancreas does not make enough insulin; insulin resistant; lifestyle

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44
Q

fx: digestive system

A

digest & absorb food, then excrete the waste

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45
Q

LIST: (in order) organs of the GI tract

A

mouth –> pharynx –> esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine

46
Q

accessory organs of digestion

A

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

47
Q

diff b/w organ of GI tract & an accessory organ?

A
  • the organs of the gi tract make up one tube that allows food and fluid to pass through during digestion
  • accessory organs are not part of the tube but do aid in the digestion process
48
Q

name: involuntary movement of food through the GI tract

A

peristalsis

49
Q

digestion: mechanical process

A

food is physically broken down into smaller particles (chewing)

50
Q

digestion: chemical process

A

certain enzymes break down food into simpler nutrients that can be used by cells

51
Q

oral cavity: what type of epithelial tissue makes up the mucosal lining?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

52
Q

name & loc: three sets of salivary glands

A

parotid: near ear
submandibular: floor of mouth
sublingual: beneath tongue, superior to submandibular glands

53
Q

what is saliva made of?

A

99.5% water
0.5% solutes

54
Q

purpose of saliva

A

helps digest the starches in your food

55
Q

fx: teeth

A

breaks down food physically

56
Q

fx: uvula

A

secretes saliva

57
Q

fx: epiglottis

A

traffic ctrl for air and food

58
Q

fx: esophagus

A

transports food from the mouth into the stomach

59
Q

esophagus: what is the epithelial tissue of the mucosal layer?

A

partially keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

60
Q

esophagus: what are the muscle tissues in the muscularis externa?

A

top 1/3: skeletal
mid 1/3: skeletal & smooth
bot 1/3: smooth

61
Q

purpose of rugae (gastric folds)

A

increase the stomach’s surface area

62
Q

what type of epithelial tissue is found in the mucosa of the stomach?

A

simple columnar epithelium

63
Q

what types of cells are found in the gastric glands?

A
  • surface mucous cell
  • mucous neck cell
  • parietal cell
  • chief cell
  • g cell
64
Q

surface mucous cell secretes…

A

mucous

65
Q

mucous neck cell secretes…

A

mucous

66
Q

parietal cell secretes…

A

hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor

67
Q

chief cell secretes…

A

pepsinogen & gastric lipase

68
Q

g cell secretes…

A

gastrin

69
Q

fx: HCl in stomach

A

protein digestion & maintain acidic environment

70
Q

why does the stomach secrete pepsinogen and NOT pepsin?

A

prevent the auto-digestion of protective proteins in the lining of the digestive tract

71
Q

fx: stomach

A

digest food and fluid

72
Q

the 3 regions of the small intestine are…

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

73
Q

fx: small intestine

A

breakdown food, absorb nutrients, get rid of unnecessary bits

74
Q

loc & struc: pancreas

A

a long tapered organ that sits behind the stomach

75
Q

purpose: sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice

A

protects the duodenum by neutralizing the acid from the stomach

76
Q

pathway of pancreatic juice:
pancreas –> small intestine

A

small ducts –> pancreatic duct & accessory duct –> duodenum

77
Q

the pancreatic juice enters the _____ of the small intestine

A

duodenum

78
Q

sinusoids

A

small blood vessels replacing capillaries in the liver, spleen, & bone marrow

79
Q

what type of cells are found w.in the lining of the sinusoids?

A

hepatocytes

80
Q

what is bile?

A

a yellow-green thick fluid that aids in digestion

81
Q

which cells produce bile?

A

hepatocytes

82
Q

fx: bile

A

breaks down fats –> fatty acids

83
Q

pathway of bile: liver to small intestine

A

liver –> bile duct –> L&R hepatic duct –> common hepatic duct –> common bile duct + cystic duct –> pancreatic duct

84
Q

what happens to bile produced by the liver if no fats are present in the GI tract?

A

bile will be stored in the gallbladder

85
Q

fx: liver

A
  • produce bile
  • filter blood
86
Q

loc: gallbladder

A

right side of abdomen, below the liver

87
Q

fx: gallbladder

A

store bile

88
Q

fx: large intestine

A
  • absorb water, electrolytes, & nutrients
  • produce vitamins (B, K)
  • form & eliminate feces
89
Q

fx: urinary system

A
  • homeostasis: water, ion concentrations, BP, pH, osmolarity
  • eliminate waste products (nitrogenous wastes, toxins, drugs)
90
Q

what are the major organs in the urinary system?

A
  • kidneys
  • renal pelvis
  • ureters
  • bladder
  • urethra
91
Q

fx & struc: kidneys

A

fx: remove wastes from blood to produce urine
struc: made of abt a million nephrons

92
Q

fx & struc: renal pelvis

A

fx: collects urine and leads it to a ureter
struc: a funnel shaped cavity

93
Q

fx & struc: ureters

A

fx: transport urine from renal pelvis –> bladder
struc: s-shaped tube

94
Q

fx & struc: bladder

A

fx: temporarily stores urine, then contracts to empty into the urethra
struc: triangle-shaped, hollow organ

95
Q

fx & struc: urethra

A

fx: carries urine from bladder to outside the body
struc: thin-walled tube

96
Q

what supplies blood to the kidneys?

A

renal arteries

97
Q

how many nephrons does each kidney have?

A

abt 1 million

98
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

a disorder that causes the body to overproduce urine & cannot properly retain water

99
Q

blood flow of kidney: aorta –> i.v.c.

A

aorta –> renal a. –> segmental a. –> interlobar a. –> actuate a. –> cortical radiate a. –> afferent art. –> nephrons –> venules –> cortical radiate v. –> arcuate v. –> interlobar v. –> renal v. –> ivc

100
Q

what 3 steps produce urine?

A

glomerular filtration, reabsorption, & secretion

101
Q

fx & struc: nephron

A

fx: remove waste products & excess water from blood to convert into urine
struc: renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, & collecting duct system

102
Q

glomerular filtrate

A

flow of plasma from glomerulus into Bowman’s space

103
Q

how is the glomerular filtrate formed?

A

the pressure produced to push water/solutes through the filtration membrane

104
Q

how do we measure the glomerular filtrate?

A

renal clearance techniques

105
Q

how is the glomerular filtrate controlled?

A
  • autoregulation (myogenic response)
  • tubuloglomerular feedback
  • renin
106
Q

reabsorption

A

moves nutrients/water back into bloodstream

107
Q

secretion

A
  • reverse reabsorption
  • transports certain molecules out of blood & into urine
108
Q

filtration

A

kidneys filter unwanted substances from blood & produce urine to secrete them

109
Q

how does ADH ctrl the collecting duct?

A

increase water reabsorption, decreasing urine production

110
Q

how does ADH get rid of excess h2o?

A

by peeing

(biol 160) anatomy & physiology (8 decks)

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