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(biol 160) anatomy & physiology > a&p exam #4 study guide > Flashcards

a&p exam #4 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular structures are…

A

the heart & blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

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2
Q

the receiving chambers of the heart are…

A

atria

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3
Q

the pumping chambers of the heart are…

A

ventricles

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4
Q

deoxygenated blood passes through which chambers?

A

right atrium & right ventricle

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5
Q

oxygenated blood passes through which chambers?

A

left atrium & left ventricle

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6
Q

which blood vessels attach to the right atrium?

A

super vena cava & inferior vena cava

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7
Q

which blood vessels attach to the left atrium?

A

pulmonary veins

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8
Q

which blood vessels attach to the right ventricle?

A

pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries

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9
Q

which blood vessels attach to the left ventricle?

A

aorta

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10
Q

the three pericardial layers that surround the heart are…

A

fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium

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11
Q

fibrous pericardium
is made of what tissue

A

connective tissue

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12
Q

parietal pericardium
is made of what tissue

A

collagen fibrils & elastin fibers

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13
Q

visceral pericardium
is made of what tissue

A

fibrous & elastic tissue

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14
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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15
Q

epicardium

A

superficial layer
made of visceral pericardium

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16
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer
made of mostly cardiac muscle

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17
Q

endocardium

A

deepest layer
made of endothelium

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18
Q

fx: valves of the heart

A

prevents the backward flow of blood

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19
Q

what are the branches of the aorta arch?

A

brachiocephalic artery
left common carotid atery
left subclavian artery

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20
Q

coronary circulation is…

A

circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle

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21
Q

conducting system of the heart?

A

the network of nodes, special cells, & electrical signals that keep your heart beating

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22
Q

contractile vs. autorhythmic cells

A

contractile
- produces the contraction that forces the blood to pump
- the action produces by the signal from autorhythmic cells

autorhythmic
- “pacemakers”
- self-excitable
- initiates & coordinates the contraction of heart muscle cells
- the signal that stimulates contractile cells

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23
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A

records the electrical activity (action potentials) of the heart

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24
Q

systole

A

when heart muscle contracts/ejects blood

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25
Q

diastole

A

when heart muscle relax & fill with blood

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26
Q

cardiac cycle

A

one complete heartbeat

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27
Q

cyclical phases of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial diastole/ventricular diastole

atrial systole/ventricular diastole

atrial diastole/ventricular systole

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28
Q

cardiac output measures what?

A

amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle each minute

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29
Q

2 variables that contribute to the calculation of cardiac output

A

stroke volume & heart rate

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30
Q

how is cardiac output calculated?

A

stroke volume * heart rate

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31
Q

how is cardiac output physiologically regulated?

A
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32
Q

atrial (bainbridge) reflex

A

when heart rate increases in response to a rise in atrial pressure

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33
Q

ventricular (frank-starling principle)

A

more pressure is needed to discharge a greater volume of blood from heart

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34
Q

how does the atrial & ventricular reflex affect cardiac output?

A

atrial reflex: decreases cardiac output
ventricular reflex: increases cardiac output

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35
Q

how does the cardiac center of the medulla oblongata affect cardiac output?

A

regulates cardiac output

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36
Q

what type of information is received by the cardiac center as feedback?

A
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37
Q

how does the cardiac center know when it needs to respond?

A
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38
Q

what hormones can affect cardiac output?

A
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39
Q

anatomy of circulatory routes

A

pulmonary circuit:
- SVC/IVC –> r. atrium –> tricuspid valve –> r. ventricle –> pulmonary semilunar valve –> pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries

systemic circuit:
- pulmonary veins –> l. atrium –> bicuspid valve –> l. ventricle –> aortic semilunar valve –> aorta

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40
Q

fx: arteries

A

carries blood AWAY from the heart

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41
Q

fx: veins

A

carries blood TOWARDS the heart

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42
Q

fx: capillaries

A

ALLOWS exchange of materials b/w blood & tissue

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43
Q

fx: arterioles

A

controls blood flow/pressure from arteries to capillaries

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44
Q

fx: venules

A

carries deoxygenated blood from capillary beds –> veins

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45
Q

primary fx: middle layer of arteries

A

“tunica media”
regulates the internal diameter of vessel

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46
Q

what factors contribute to venous return of blood to the heart?

A
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47
Q

capillary bed (network)
+ purpose

A
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48
Q

what will happen to blood flow with an increase or decrease in cardiac output?

A
49
Q

blood pressure

A

force of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries/veins

50
Q

2 common measurements reported in clinical BP?
what are they measuring?

A

systolic pressure:
pressure within arteries when your heart beats

diastolic pressure:
pressure in arteries when heart rests b/w beats

51
Q

which blood vessels have the highest pressure?

A

arteries

52
Q

which blood vessels have the lowest pressure?

A

veins

53
Q

what type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

54
Q

physical characteristics of blood

A
  • 8% of body weight
  • oxygenated = bright red
  • deoxygenated = dull/purple red
55
Q

average blood temperature, pH, & volume

A

blood temp: higher than body temp
pH; slightly basic: 7.35 - 7.45
- 5-6 liters

56
Q

3 general blood functions

A
57
Q

composition of blood

A

55% plasma
45% formed elements
- rbc: 45%
- wbc & platelets: <1%

58
Q

what is the main constituent (ingredient) of plasma?

A

90% water

59
Q

3 main plasma proteins

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

60
Q

which plasma proteins are synthesized by the liver?

A

all except gamma-globulins

61
Q

“formed elements” of blood are…

A

erythrocytes (RBC)
leukocytes (WBC)
thrombocytes (platelets)

62
Q

average lifespan of a red blood cell?

A

120 days

63
Q

how & where are old/damaged rbc’s removed from circulation?

A

removed by phagocytes in liver or spleen

64
Q

fx: hemoglobin

A

allows oxygen to bind/release from blood for transport

65
Q

erythropoiesis

A

production of red blood cells

66
Q

where in the body does erythropoiesis happen?

A

occurs in the bone marrow

67
Q

what is the stimulus for erythropoiesis?

A

hypoxia: low O2 on blood

68
Q

which of the formed elements is responsible for your blood type?

A

red blood cell antigens

69
Q

the 3 common surface antigens that determine your blood type?

A

ABO group & Rh factor

70
Q

the 3 common agglutinins that might be found in blood?

A

anti “a” antibodies
anti “b” antibodies
anti “Rh” antibodies

71
Q

average lifespan of white blood cells?

A

13 - 20 days

72
Q

which leukocytes are classified as granular leukocytes?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

73
Q

fx: neutrophils

A

55% of WBC
consume and destroy bacteria; first line of defense in infection

74
Q

fx: eosinophils

A

1-3% of WBC
immune system’s response to allergies, parasitic worms, etc

75
Q

fx: basophils

A

0-1% of WBC
initiates inflammation by releasing histamine

76
Q

which leukocytes are classified as agranular leukocytes?

A

lymphocytes
monocyte

77
Q

fx: lymphocytes

A

20-45% of WBC
regulates immunal response
- t cells: recognize antigen
- b cells: produce antibodies
- nk cells: destroy damaging cells

78
Q

fx: monocytes

A

2-8% of WBC
destroy foreign substances through phagocytosis

79
Q

which cells in bone marrow directly give rise to the platelets that are found in the blood?

A

megakaryocytes

80
Q

average “lifespan” of platelets?

A

7-10 days

81
Q

hemostasis

A

first step of wound healing
process to stop and prevent blood flow

82
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

83
Q

embolism

A

arteries become blocked either by a blood clot or an air bubble

84
Q

why are thrombus & embolism dangerous?

A

can restrict blood flow and oxygen, which can dama body tissues & organs

85
Q

main fx: respiratory system

A
  • oversees gas exchange b/w blood & external environment
  • passageways to purify, warm, & humidify air
86
Q

respiration

A

process of breathing in oxygen & breathing out carbon dioxide

87
Q

what tissue makes up most of the respiratory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

88
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

89
Q

what epithelial tissue lines each of the regions

A

nasopharynx: pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
oropharynx: non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
laryngopharynx: non-keratinized, squamous epithelium

90
Q

another name for the larynx

A

throat or voicebox
- bc it plays a part in speech

91
Q

fx: upper vocal folds

A

false vocal cords
protect airway from choking on food

92
Q

fx: lower vocal folds

A

true vocal cords
vibrates to produce sounds

93
Q

why are tracheal cartilages shaped like a “C” or “U” and not complete rings?

A

makes room for the esophagus to expand when swallowing food

94
Q

membranes that surround each lung

A

visceral pleura: covers lung surface
parietal pleura: lines the chest walls

95
Q

what makes up the “respiratory membrane?”

A

1) type 1 pneumocytes
2) thin basal lamina
3) endothelial cells

96
Q

why do gasses move from one area to another during the respiratory process?

A

concentration gradient

97
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

pressure of the air’s weight on something

98
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure in lungs

99
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

external respiration
- movement of air in/out of lungs

100
Q

is normal expiration considered a passive or active process?

A

passive process
- happens when diaphragm & intercostal muscles relax

101
Q

how is most O2 transported in the blood?

A

hemoglobin

102
Q

how is CO2 transported in the blood?
(3 ways)

A

dissolved gas
bound to hemoglobin
bicarbonate ions in plasma

103
Q

where are the respiratory centers of the brain?

A

medulla oblongata
pons

104
Q

role during UNconscious breathing: medulla oblongata

A

directly controls muscles of respiration

105
Q

role during UNconscious breathing: pons

A

control the rate or speed of involuntary respiration

106
Q

what are some factors that influence respiratory centers?

A

altered levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood pH, by hormonal changes

107
Q

how will hyperventilation (rebreathing air from a paper bag or exercise) affect the respiratory rate & ability to hold your breath?

A

rebreathing air from a paper bag will simply return CO2 levels to “normal.”

108
Q

structure of RBC

A

biconcave disks
no nucleus

109
Q

what might happen is an Rh- mother has a second pregnancy with a child who is Rh+?

A

mother’s antibodies will recognize baby’s Rh proteins as foreign and will attack.
life-threatening for the fetus

110
Q

Rh incompatibility

A

Rh- mother, Rh+ fetus

111
Q

O2 molecule respiratory pathway

A

nose
–> pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)
–> trachea
–> bronchi
–> bronchioles
–> alveoli

112
Q

fx: nasal cavity

A

warms, humidifies, & filters air

113
Q

cartilage pieces that make up the wall of the larynx

A
  • thyroid cartilage
  • epiglottis
  • vocal cords
  • glottis
  • vestibular folds
114
Q

fx: thyroid cartilage

A

protects posterior structures

115
Q

fx: epiglottis

A

traffic control b/w food & air

116
Q

fx: vocal cords

A

produce sound for speech
regulate airflow in lungs
protect airway from choking

117
Q

fx: glottis

A

valve b/w vocal cords

118
Q

anatomy of trachea

A

c-shape hyaline cartilage rings (like an expanding straw)

(biol 160) anatomy & physiology (8 decks)

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