a&p exam #4 study guide Flashcards
1
Q
cardiovascular structures are…
A
the heart & blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
2
Q
the receiving chambers of the heart are…
A
atria
3
Q
the pumping chambers of the heart are…
A
ventricles
4
Q
deoxygenated blood passes through which chambers?
A
right atrium & right ventricle
5
Q
oxygenated blood passes through which chambers?
A
left atrium & left ventricle
6
Q
which blood vessels attach to the right atrium?
A
super vena cava & inferior vena cava
7
Q
which blood vessels attach to the left atrium?
A
pulmonary veins
8
Q
which blood vessels attach to the right ventricle?
A
pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries
9
Q
which blood vessels attach to the left ventricle?
A
aorta
10
Q
the three pericardial layers that surround the heart are…
A
fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium
11
Q
fibrous pericardium
is made of what tissue
A
connective tissue
12
Q
parietal pericardium
is made of what tissue
A
collagen fibrils & elastin fibers
13
Q
visceral pericardium
is made of what tissue
A
fibrous & elastic tissue
14
Q
3 layers of the heart wall
A
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
15
Q
epicardium
A
superficial layer
made of visceral pericardium
16
Q
myocardium
A
middle layer
made of mostly cardiac muscle
17
Q
endocardium
A
deepest layer
made of endothelium
18
Q
fx: valves of the heart
A
prevents the backward flow of blood
19
Q
what are the branches of the aorta arch?
A
brachiocephalic artery
left common carotid atery
left subclavian artery
20
Q
coronary circulation is…
A
circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle
21
Q
conducting system of the heart?
A
the network of nodes, special cells, & electrical signals that keep your heart beating
22
Q
contractile vs. autorhythmic cells
A
contractile
- produces the contraction that forces the blood to pump
- the action produces by the signal from autorhythmic cells
autorhythmic
- “pacemakers”
- self-excitable
- initiates & coordinates the contraction of heart muscle cells
- the signal that stimulates contractile cells
23
Q
electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
A
records the electrical activity (action potentials) of the heart
24
Q
systole
A
when heart muscle contracts/ejects blood
25
diastole
when heart muscle relax & fill with blood
26
cardiac cycle
one complete heartbeat
27
cyclical phases of the cardiac cycle
atrial diastole/ventricular diastole
atrial systole/ventricular diastole
atrial diastole/ventricular systole
28
cardiac output measures what?
amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle each minute
29
2 variables that contribute to the calculation of cardiac output
stroke volume & heart rate
30
how is cardiac output calculated?
stroke volume * heart rate
31
how is cardiac output physiologically regulated?
32
atrial (bainbridge) reflex
when heart rate increases in response to a rise in atrial pressure
33
ventricular (frank-starling principle)
more pressure is needed to discharge a greater volume of blood from heart
34
how does the atrial & ventricular reflex affect cardiac output?
atrial reflex: decreases cardiac output
ventricular reflex: increases cardiac output
35
how does the cardiac center of the medulla oblongata affect cardiac output?
regulates cardiac output
36
what type of information is received by the cardiac center as feedback?
37
how does the cardiac center know when it needs to respond?
38
what hormones can affect cardiac output?
39
anatomy of circulatory routes
pulmonary circuit:
- SVC/IVC --> r. atrium --> tricuspid valve --> r. ventricle --> pulmonary semilunar valve --> pulmonary trunk --> pulmonary arteries
systemic circuit:
- pulmonary veins --> l. atrium --> bicuspid valve --> l. ventricle --> aortic semilunar valve --> aorta
40
fx: arteries
carries blood AWAY from the heart
41
fx: veins
carries blood TOWARDS the heart
42
fx: capillaries
ALLOWS exchange of materials b/w blood & tissue
43
fx: arterioles
controls blood flow/pressure from arteries to capillaries
44
fx: venules
carries deoxygenated blood from capillary beds --> veins
45
primary fx: middle layer of arteries
"tunica media"
regulates the internal diameter of vessel
46
what factors contribute to venous return of blood to the heart?
47
capillary bed (network)
+ purpose
48
what will happen to blood flow with an increase or decrease in cardiac output?
49
blood pressure
force of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries/veins
50
2 common measurements reported in clinical BP?
what are they measuring?
systolic pressure:
pressure within arteries when your heart beats
diastolic pressure:
pressure in arteries when heart rests b/w beats
51
which blood vessels have the highest pressure?
arteries
52
which blood vessels have the lowest pressure?
veins
53
what type of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
54
physical characteristics of blood
- 8% of body weight
- oxygenated = bright red
- deoxygenated = dull/purple red
55
average blood temperature, pH, & volume
blood temp: higher than body temp
pH; slightly basic: 7.35 - 7.45
- 5-6 liters
56
3 general blood functions
57
composition of blood
55% plasma
45% formed elements
- rbc: 45%
- wbc & platelets: <1%
58
what is the main constituent (ingredient) of plasma?
90% water
59
3 main plasma proteins
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
60
which plasma proteins are synthesized by the liver?
all except gamma-globulins
61
"formed elements" of blood are...
erythrocytes (RBC)
leukocytes (WBC)
thrombocytes (platelets)
62
average lifespan of a red blood cell?
120 days
63
how & where are old/damaged rbc's removed from circulation?
removed by phagocytes in liver or spleen
64
fx: hemoglobin
allows oxygen to bind/release from blood for transport
65
erythropoiesis
production of red blood cells
66
where in the body does erythropoiesis happen?
occurs in the bone marrow
67
what is the stimulus for erythropoiesis?
hypoxia: low O2 on blood
68
which of the formed elements is responsible for your blood type?
red blood cell antigens
69
the 3 common surface antigens that determine your blood type?
ABO group & Rh factor
70
the 3 common agglutinins that might be found in blood?
anti "a" antibodies
anti "b" antibodies
anti "Rh" antibodies
71
average lifespan of white blood cells?
13 - 20 days
72
which leukocytes are classified as granular leukocytes?
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
73
fx: neutrophils
55% of WBC
consume and destroy bacteria; first line of defense in infection
74
fx: eosinophils
1-3% of WBC
immune system's response to allergies, parasitic worms, etc
75
fx: basophils
0-1% of WBC
initiates inflammation by releasing histamine
76
which leukocytes are classified as agranular leukocytes?
lymphocytes
monocyte
77
fx: lymphocytes
20-45% of WBC
regulates immunal response
- t cells: recognize antigen
- b cells: produce antibodies
- nk cells: destroy damaging cells
78
fx: monocytes
2-8% of WBC
destroy foreign substances through phagocytosis
79
which cells in bone marrow directly give rise to the platelets that are found in the blood?
megakaryocytes
80
average "lifespan" of platelets?
7-10 days
81
hemostasis
first step of wound healing
process to stop and prevent blood flow
82
thrombus
blood clot
83
embolism
arteries become blocked either by a blood clot or an air bubble
84
why are thrombus & embolism dangerous?
can restrict blood flow and oxygen, which can dama body tissues & organs
85
main fx: respiratory system
- oversees gas exchange b/w blood & external environment
- passageways to purify, warm, & humidify air
86
respiration
process of breathing in oxygen & breathing out carbon dioxide
87
what tissue makes up most of the respiratory epithelium?
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
88
3 regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
89
what epithelial tissue lines each of the regions
nasopharynx: pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
oropharynx: non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
laryngopharynx: non-keratinized, squamous epithelium
90
another name for the larynx
throat or voicebox
- bc it plays a part in speech
91
fx: upper vocal folds
false vocal cords
protect airway from choking on food
92
fx: lower vocal folds
true vocal cords
vibrates to produce sounds
93
why are tracheal cartilages shaped like a "C" or "U" and not complete rings?
makes room for the esophagus to expand when swallowing food
94
membranes that surround each lung
visceral pleura: covers lung surface
parietal pleura: lines the chest walls
95
what makes up the "respiratory membrane?"
1) type 1 pneumocytes
2) thin basal lamina
3) endothelial cells
96
why do gasses move from one area to another during the respiratory process?
concentration gradient
97
atmospheric pressure
pressure of the air’s weight on something
98
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure in lungs
99
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
- movement of air in/out of lungs
100
is normal expiration considered a passive or active process?
passive process
- happens when diaphragm & intercostal muscles relax
101
how is most O2 transported in the blood?
hemoglobin
102
how is CO2 transported in the blood?
(3 ways)
dissolved gas
bound to hemoglobin
bicarbonate ions in plasma
103
where are the respiratory centers of the brain?
medulla oblongata
pons
104
role during UNconscious breathing: medulla oblongata
directly controls muscles of respiration
105
role during UNconscious breathing: pons
control the rate or speed of involuntary respiration
106
what are some factors that influence respiratory centers?
altered levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood pH, by hormonal changes
107
how will hyperventilation (rebreathing air from a paper bag or exercise) affect the respiratory rate & ability to hold your breath?
rebreathing air from a paper bag will simply return CO2 levels to "normal."
108
structure of RBC
biconcave disks
no nucleus
109
what might happen is an Rh- mother has a second pregnancy with a child who is Rh+?
mother's antibodies will recognize baby's Rh proteins as foreign and will attack.
life-threatening for the fetus
110
Rh incompatibility
Rh- mother, Rh+ fetus
111
O2 molecule respiratory pathway
nose
--> pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)
--> trachea
--> bronchi
--> bronchioles
--> alveoli
112
fx: nasal cavity
warms, humidifies, & filters air
113
cartilage pieces that make up the wall of the larynx
- thyroid cartilage
- epiglottis
- vocal cords
- glottis
- vestibular folds
114
fx: thyroid cartilage
protects posterior structures
115
fx: epiglottis
traffic control b/w food & air
116
fx: vocal cords
produce sound for speech
regulate airflow in lungs
protect airway from choking
117
fx: glottis
valve b/w vocal cords
118
anatomy of trachea
c-shape hyaline cartilage rings (like an expanding straw)
