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(biol 160) anatomy & physiology > a&p exam #3 study guide > Flashcards

a&p exam #3 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system functions (3)

A

sensory input
process & interpret
motor output

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2
Q

the nervous system is divided into the …

A

central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

anatomical structures of the CNS

A

brain & spinal cord

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4
Q

function(s) of CNS

A

input: monitor
process: decide
output: response

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5
Q

anatomical structures of the PNS

A

all other nerves

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6
Q

function(s) of PNS

A

transmit info between the CNS and the body’s tissues

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7
Q

fx & loc: astrocytes

A

fx: nourish neurons
loc: CNS

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8
Q

fx & loc: microglia

A

fx: remove invading organisms & dead neurons
loc: CNS

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9
Q

fx & loc: ependymal cells

A

fx: production/flow of CSF
loc: choroid process in ventricles

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10
Q

fx & loc: oligodendrocytes

A

fx: produce myelin sheaths
loc: CNS & PNS

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11
Q

fx & loc: schwann cells

A

fx: produce myelin sheaths
loc: PNS

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12
Q

anatomical structure of a typical neuron

A

dendrites, cell body (soma), & axon

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13
Q

dendrites

A

receives signal from another neuron

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14
Q

cell body (soma)

A

process info from dendrites

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15
Q

axon

A

carry out response from brain to the body

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16
Q

myelin sheath is…

A

a protective layer of fat that helps send electrical impulses quickly

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17
Q

which cells are responsible for creating the myelin sheath in the CNS & PNS?

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: schwann cells

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18
Q

what makes up the white matter of the nervous system?

A

myelinated axons

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19
Q

nerve

A
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20
Q

tract

A
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21
Q

what makes up the grey matter of the nervous system?

A

cell bodies

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22
Q

ganglion

A
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23
Q

nucleus

A
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24
Q

3 functional classification of neurons

A

sensory, motor, & interneurons

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25
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry impulses from the sensory receptors

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26
Q

motor neurons

A

carry impulses from CNS

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27
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory & motor neurons

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28
Q

3 structural classification of neurons

A

mulitpolar, unipolar, bipolar, neurons

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29
Q

chemical symbol & charge: sodium

A

Na+

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30
Q

chemical symbol & charge: potassium

A

K+

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31
Q

chemical symbol & charge: calcium

A

Ca+

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32
Q

chemical symbol & charge: chloride

A

Cl-

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33
Q

membrane potential

A

a potential gradient where ions flow passively towards one direction

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34
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state (-70mV)

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35
Q

graded potential

A

electrical changes within the plasma membrane

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36
Q

what causes “graded potential” @ the cellular level?

A

an increase of Na+ ions in the plasma membrane, decreasing the negative charge

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37
Q

“threshold-level” stimulus

A

-50 mV

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38
Q

what happens when a neuron reaches “threshold-level?”

A

the Na+ voltage-gated channel opens and Na+ enters the cell, causing the membrane to become more positive

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39
Q

“all or none” principle in relation to neurons

A

nerve cells either fire at full strength or not at all

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40
Q

depolarization of a neuron membrane

A

-50 mV –> 0 mV –> +30 mV

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41
Q

repolarization of a neuron membrane

A

+30 mV
voltage-gated Na+ inactivate
voltage-gated K+ opens, K+ ions flow out, making cell membrane more negative

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42
Q

hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane

A

a change in a cell’s membrane potential that makes it more negative
more negative than RMP

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43
Q

continuous conduction

A

in UNmyelinated axons
move along the whole axon (slower process)

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44
Q

saltatory conduction

A

in myelinated axons
jumps from myelin sheath to another, slows down at exposed nodes of ranvier (faster process)

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45
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

leads to depolarization (opens v.g. Na+ channels)
e.g. norepinephrine

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46
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

leads to hyperpolarization (opens v.g. K+ or Cl- channels)
e.g. serotonin, dopamine, GABA

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47
Q

ex or in: norepinephrine

A

excitatory

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48
Q

ex or in: serotonin

A

inhibitory

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49
Q

ex or in: dopamine

A

inhibitory

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50
Q

ex or in: GABA

A

inhibitory

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51
Q

3 layers of the meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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52
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer

53
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer

54
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer

55
Q

fx: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

protect, nourish, and waste removal

56
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

brain ventricles

57
Q

what structures create CSF?

A

choroid plexus

58
Q

pathway of CSF circulation

A

lateral ventricle –>
interventricular foramina –>
3rd ventricle –>
cerebral aqueduct –>
4th ventricle –>
2 lateral apertures & 1 median aperture –>
subarachnoid space –>
reabsorbed @ arachnoid villi

59
Q

how & where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

recycled back into the bloodstream through arachnoid granulations

60
Q

conus medullaris

A

terminal end of spinal cord

61
Q

filum terminale

A

a fibrous band that extends inferiorly from the apex of the conus medullaris to the sacrum
fx: support & stabilize spinal cord within vertebral columns

62
Q

cauda equina

A

the sack of nerve roots thang hang off of the conus medullaris

63
Q

nerve plexus

A

a bundle of intersecting nerves

64
Q

4 major nerve plexuses

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

65
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C5; phrenic nerve

66
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1; radial, ulnar, median nerves

67
Q

lumbar plexus

A

T12-L4; femoral nerve

68
Q

sacral plexus

A

L4-S4; sciatic nerve

69
Q

which level of spinal nerves do not participate in any plexus?

A

intercostal nerves (T2-T11)

70
Q

four principal divisions of the brain

A

diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum

71
Q

list: regions of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

72
Q

fx: midbrain

A

maintain consciousness
process audio/visual data

73
Q

fx: pons

A

coordinate movement
somatic & visceral motor control
connects cerebellum to brainstem

74
Q

fx: medulla oblongata

A

relays sensory info to thalamus & brainstem
controls vital autonomic fxs

75
Q

what makes up the corpora quadrigemina?

A

superior/inferior colliculi

76
Q

fx: superior colliculi

A

reflex center for eye movement

77
Q

fx: inferior colliculi

A

reflex center for auditory responses

78
Q

list: regions of diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

79
Q

fx: thalamus

A

relay center for sensory info

80
Q

loc: hypothalamus

A

beneath the thalamus; attaches to pituitary gland through the infundibulum

81
Q

fx: hypothalamus

A

regulate body temp
controls water balance
regulates metabolism
hunger, thirst, emotions

82
Q

fx & loc: mammillary bodies

A

fx: houses memory
loc: undersurface of brain

83
Q

what structure is found in the epithalamus?

A

pineal gland

84
Q

fx: pineal gland

A

releases melatonin (sleep/wake cycle)

85
Q

limbic system

A

behavioral and emotional responses

86
Q

what struc make up: limbic system

A

hypothalamus
thalamus
amygdala
hippocampus

87
Q

central sulcus separates…

A

frontal & parietal lobes

88
Q

fx: corpus callosum

A

allows info to transmit from one side of the brain to the other

89
Q

fx & loc: primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus)

A

frontal lobe; motor fx

90
Q

fx & loc: primary sensory area (post-central gyrus)

A

parietal lobe; sensations

91
Q

auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe; hearing

92
Q

olfactory cortex

A

temporal lobe; smell

93
Q

visual cortex

A

occipital lobe; eyesight

94
Q

somatic motor association area (pre-motor cortex)

A

movement of the body

95
Q

visual association area

A

occipital lobe

96
Q

motor speech center (broca’s area)

A

ability to speak

97
Q

cerebellum

A

inferior to cerebrum
cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, folia, arbor vitae

98
Q

fx: cerebellum

A

regulates posture & equilibrium
coordinate skeletal muscle contraction

99
Q

CN I

A

S; olfactory
fx: smell

100
Q

CN II

A

S; optic
fx: sight

101
Q

CN III

A

M; oculomotor
fx: eye movement (lens/pupil constriction)

102
Q

CN IV

A

M; trochlear
fx: eye movement

103
Q

CN V

A

B; trigeminal
fx: chewing muscles & face/mouth sensation

104
Q

CN VI

A

M; abducens
fx: eye movement

105
Q

CN VII

A

B; facial
fx: facial expression; taste

106
Q

CN VIII

A

S; vestibulocochlear
fx: equilibrium & hearing

107
Q

CN IX

A

B; glossopharyngeal
fx: swallowing; taste; BP monitoring

108
Q

CN X

A

B; vagus “wanderer”
fx: viscera sensation; visceral muscle movement

109
Q

CN XI

A

M; accessory
fx: neck movement

110
Q

CN XII

A

M; hypoglossal
fx: tongue muscles

111
Q

fx: autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

regulates involuntary bodily functions & responses

112
Q

two divisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic

113
Q

sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

A

“fight or flight”

114
Q

parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)

A

“rest and digest”

115
Q

“dual innervation”

A

when organs receive instructions from both autonomic divisions

116
Q

another descriptive name for the PARAsympathetic division?

A

craniosacral division

117
Q

act & eff– heart rate

A

PSNS: decreases
SNS: increases

118
Q

act & eff– blood pressure

A

PSNS: decreases
SNS: increases

119
Q

act & eff– respiratory rate

A

PSNS: decreases
SNS: increases

120
Q

act & eff– airways

A

PSNS: decreases diameter
SNS: increases diameter

121
Q

act & eff– salivary glands

A

PSNS: increase saliva production
SNS: decrease saliva production

122
Q

act & eff– pupils

A

PSNS: constriction
SNS: dilation

123
Q

act & eff– adipose tissue

A

PSNS: none
SNS: lipid breakdown; fatty acid release

124
Q

S.A.M.E

A

sensory = afferent
motor = efferent

125
Q

D.A.V.E

A

dorsal = afferent
ventral = efferent

126
Q

which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A

acetylcholine (Ach)

127
Q

which neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic fibers?

A

norepinephrine (NE)

128
Q

which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

A

acetylcholine (Ach)

129
Q

which neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

A

acetylcholine (Ach)

(biol 160) anatomy & physiology (8 decks)

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