a&p exam #3 study guide Flashcards
1
Q
nervous system functions (3)
A
sensory input
process & interpret
motor output
2
Q
the nervous system is divided into the …
A
central nervous system (CNS)
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
3
Q
anatomical structures of the CNS
A
brain & spinal cord
4
Q
function(s) of CNS
A
input: monitor
process: decide
output: response
5
Q
anatomical structures of the PNS
A
all other nerves
6
Q
function(s) of PNS
A
transmit info between the CNS and the body’s tissues
7
Q
fx & loc: astrocytes
A
fx: nourish neurons
loc: CNS
8
Q
fx & loc: microglia
A
fx: remove invading organisms & dead neurons
loc: CNS
9
Q
fx & loc: ependymal cells
A
fx: production/flow of CSF
loc: choroid process in ventricles
10
Q
fx & loc: oligodendrocytes
A
fx: produce myelin sheaths
loc: CNS & PNS
11
Q
fx & loc: schwann cells
A
fx: produce myelin sheaths
loc: PNS
12
Q
anatomical structure of a typical neuron
A
dendrites, cell body (soma), & axon
13
Q
dendrites
A
receives signal from another neuron
14
Q
cell body (soma)
A
process info from dendrites
15
Q
axon
A
carry out response from brain to the body
16
Q
myelin sheath is…
A
a protective layer of fat that helps send electrical impulses quickly
17
Q
which cells are responsible for creating the myelin sheath in the CNS & PNS?
A
CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: schwann cells
18
Q
what makes up the white matter of the nervous system?
A
myelinated axons
19
Q
nerve
A
20
Q
tract
A
21
Q
what makes up the grey matter of the nervous system?
A
cell bodies
22
Q
ganglion
A
23
Q
nucleus
A
24
Q
3 functional classification of neurons
A
sensory, motor, & interneurons
25
sensory neurons
carry impulses from the sensory receptors
26
motor neurons
carry impulses from CNS
27
interneurons
connect sensory & motor neurons
28
3 structural classification of neurons
mulitpolar, unipolar, bipolar, neurons
29
chemical symbol & charge: sodium
Na+
30
chemical symbol & charge: potassium
K+
31
chemical symbol & charge: calcium
Ca+
32
chemical symbol & charge: chloride
Cl-
33
membrane potential
a potential gradient where ions flow passively towards one direction
34
resting membrane potential
the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state (-70mV)
35
graded potential
electrical changes within the plasma membrane
36
what causes "graded potential" @ the cellular level?
an increase of Na+ ions in the plasma membrane, decreasing the negative charge
37
"threshold-level" stimulus
-50 mV
38
what happens when a neuron reaches "threshold-level?"
the Na+ voltage-gated channel opens and Na+ enters the cell, causing the membrane to become more positive
39
"all or none" principle in relation to neurons
nerve cells either fire at full strength or not at all
40
depolarization of a neuron membrane
-50 mV --> 0 mV --> +30 mV
41
repolarization of a neuron membrane
+30 mV
voltage-gated Na+ inactivate
voltage-gated K+ opens, K+ ions flow out, making cell membrane more negative
42
hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane
a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative
more negative than RMP
43
continuous conduction
in UNmyelinated axons
move along the whole axon (slower process)
44
saltatory conduction
in myelinated axons
jumps from myelin sheath to another, slows down at exposed nodes of ranvier (faster process)
45
excitatory neurotransmitters
leads to depolarization (opens v.g. Na+ channels)
e.g. norepinephrine
46
inhibitory neurotransmitters
leads to hyperpolarization (opens v.g. K+ or Cl- channels)
e.g. serotonin, dopamine, GABA
47
ex or in: norepinephrine
excitatory
48
ex or in: serotonin
inhibitory
49
ex or in: dopamine
inhibitory
50
ex or in: GABA
inhibitory
51
3 layers of the meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
52
dura mater
outermost layer
53
arachnoid mater
middle layer
54
pia mater
innermost layer
55
fx: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
protect, nourish, and waste removal
56
where is CSF produced?
brain ventricles
57
what structures create CSF?
choroid plexus
58
pathway of CSF circulation
lateral ventricle -->
interventricular foramina -->
3rd ventricle -->
cerebral aqueduct -->
4th ventricle -->
2 lateral apertures & 1 median aperture -->
subarachnoid space -->
reabsorbed @ arachnoid villi
59
how & where is CSF reabsorbed?
recycled back into the bloodstream through arachnoid granulations
60
conus medullaris
terminal end of spinal cord
61
filum terminale
a fibrous band that extends inferiorly from the apex of the conus medullaris to the sacrum
fx: support & stabilize spinal cord within vertebral columns
62
cauda equina
the sack of nerve roots thang hang off of the conus medullaris
63
nerve plexus
a bundle of intersecting nerves
64
4 major nerve plexuses
cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
65
cervical plexus
C1-C5; phrenic nerve
66
brachial plexus
C5-T1; radial, ulnar, median nerves
67
lumbar plexus
T12-L4; femoral nerve
68
sacral plexus
L4-S4; sciatic nerve
69
which level of spinal nerves do not participate in any plexus?
intercostal nerves (T2-T11)
70
four principal divisions of the brain
diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum
71
list: regions of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
72
fx: midbrain
maintain consciousness
process audio/visual data
73
fx: pons
coordinate movement
somatic & visceral motor control
connects cerebellum to brainstem
74
fx: medulla oblongata
relays sensory info to thalamus & brainstem
controls vital autonomic fxs
75
what makes up the corpora quadrigemina?
superior/inferior colliculi
76
fx: superior colliculi
reflex center for eye movement
77
fx: inferior colliculi
reflex center for auditory responses
78
list: regions of diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
79
fx: thalamus
relay center for sensory info
80
loc: hypothalamus
beneath the thalamus; attaches to pituitary gland through the infundibulum
81
fx: hypothalamus
regulate body temp
controls water balance
regulates metabolism
hunger, thirst, emotions
82
fx & loc: mammillary bodies
fx: houses memory
loc: undersurface of brain
83
what structure is found in the epithalamus?
pineal gland
84
fx: pineal gland
releases melatonin (sleep/wake cycle)
85
limbic system
behavioral and emotional responses
86
what struc make up: limbic system
hypothalamus
thalamus
amygdala
hippocampus
87
central sulcus separates...
frontal & parietal lobes
88
fx: corpus callosum
allows info to transmit from one side of the brain to the other
89
fx & loc: primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus)
frontal lobe; motor fx
90
fx & loc: primary sensory area (post-central gyrus)
parietal lobe; sensations
91
auditory cortex
temporal lobe; hearing
92
olfactory cortex
temporal lobe; smell
93
visual cortex
occipital lobe; eyesight
94
somatic motor association area (pre-motor cortex)
movement of the body
95
visual association area
occipital lobe
96
motor speech center (broca's area)
ability to speak
97
cerebellum
inferior to cerebrum
cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, folia, arbor vitae
98
fx: cerebellum
regulates posture & equilibrium
coordinate skeletal muscle contraction
99
CN I
S; olfactory
fx: smell
100
CN II
S; optic
fx: sight
101
CN III
M; oculomotor
fx: eye movement (lens/pupil constriction)
102
CN IV
M; trochlear
fx: eye movement
103
CN V
B; trigeminal
fx: chewing muscles & face/mouth sensation
104
CN VI
M; abducens
fx: eye movement
105
CN VII
B; facial
fx: facial expression; taste
106
CN VIII
S; vestibulocochlear
fx: equilibrium & hearing
107
CN IX
B; glossopharyngeal
fx: swallowing; taste; BP monitoring
108
CN X
B; vagus "wanderer"
fx: viscera sensation; visceral muscle movement
109
CN XI
M; accessory
fx: neck movement
110
CN XII
M; hypoglossal
fx: tongue muscles
111
fx: autonomic nervous system (ANS)
regulates involuntary bodily functions & responses
112
two divisions of the ANS
sympathetic & parasympathetic
113
sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
"fight or flight"
114
parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS)
"rest and digest"
115
"dual innervation"
when organs receive instructions from both autonomic divisions
116
another descriptive name for the PARAsympathetic division?
craniosacral division
117
act & eff-- heart rate
PSNS: decreases
SNS: increases
118
act & eff-- blood pressure
PSNS: decreases
SNS: increases
119
act & eff-- respiratory rate
PSNS: decreases
SNS: increases
120
act & eff-- airways
PSNS: decreases diameter
SNS: increases diameter
121
act & eff-- salivary glands
PSNS: increase saliva production
SNS: decrease saliva production
122
act & eff-- pupils
PSNS: constriction
SNS: dilation
123
act & eff-- adipose tissue
PSNS: none
SNS: lipid breakdown; fatty acid release
124
S.A.M.E
sensory = afferent
motor = efferent
125
D.A.V.E
dorsal = afferent
ventral = efferent
126
which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers?
acetylcholine (Ach)
127
which neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic sympathetic fibers?
norepinephrine (NE)
128
which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?
acetylcholine (Ach)
129
which neurotransmitter is released by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers?
acetylcholine (Ach)
