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(biol 160) anatomy & physiology > a&p exam #1 study guide > Flashcards

a&p exam #1 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

define: anatomy

A

a study of the visual structure and identifying them

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2
Q

define: gross anatomy

A

branch of anatomy that deals with organs and tissue that are visible to the naked eye

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3
Q

define: microscopic anatomy

A

study of normal structure of an organism under the microscope

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4
Q

explain: anatomical levels of organization of the body

A

cells –> tissues –> organs –> systems –> organisms

higher levels are built from lower levels

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5
Q

define: physiology

A

study of human body fx

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6
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of equilibrium necessary for survival

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7
Q

importance of homeostasis

A

to maintain a normal balance w/in the body; crucial for survival

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8
Q

explain: feedback mechanisms in homeostatic regulation

A

receptor (receives signal), ctrl ctr (create response), effector (sends out the response)

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9
Q

explain: negative feedback

A

does the opposite response of stimulus to regulate balance

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10
Q

examples of negative feedback

A

BP regulation

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11
Q

explain: positive feedback

A

pushes body further from base-line ‘til a bigger reaction brings body back to base-line

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12
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

child birth, blood clots

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13
Q

describe: human anatomical position

A

body is upright, facing forward with each arm hanging on either side and palms facing forward

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14
Q

importance of anatomical position in clinical settings

A

universal language: provides a clear and consistent way of describing a & p

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15
Q

superior

A

above

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16
Q

inferior

A

below

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17
Q

anterior

A

front side

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18
Q

ventral

A

belly side

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19
Q

posterior

A

backside

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20
Q

dorsal

A

back portion of the body (e.g. dorsal fin)

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21
Q

proximal

A

closer to attachment point

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22
Q

distal

A

further from attachment point

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23
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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24
Q

medial

A

closer to midline

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25
superficial
closer to body's surface
26
deep
farther from the body surface
27
sagittal
left & right
28
coronal/frontal
front & back
29
transverse
top & bottom
30
location & major organs: cranial cavity
in the skull; contains the brain
31
location & major organs: spinal cavity
in the vertebral column; contains the spinal cord
32
location & major organs: ventral body cavity
front of the trunk; contains the lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, & reproductive organs
33
location & major organs: thoracic cavity
in the chest; contains heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, & thymus
34
location & major organs: abdominopelvic cavity
the upper, middle, and lower areas of the abdomen; contains the intestines, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, reprod organs, urinary organs
35
list: "representative cell"
a sample of cells that is used by researchers to represent a larger population of cells
36
describe: structure of plasma membrane
a phospholipid bilayer: polar (hydrophilic) heads outside, non-polar (hydrophobic) tails inside
37
what are the two major categories of proteins found in the plasma membrane?
integral and peripheral proteins
38
describe: specific fxs assoc. w/ membrane proteins
39
describe: overall fxs assoc. with plasma membrane
protect cell, house proteins, allow transport of materials, connect cells w/ other cells
40
which components of the membrane are resp. for plasma membrane fxs?
lipids, proteins, and carbs
41
define: intracellular fluid (+ ex.)
all fluid enclosed in cells (nucleus, er)
42
define: extracellular fluid (+ ex.)
body fluid that is not contained w/in cells (blood, lymph)
43
define: passive processes of movement
44
what are the 4 common passive processes of movement that commonly occur in the body?
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, & osmosis
45
simple diffusion
particles will diffuse from higher area to lower concentration
46
facilitated diffusion
carrier proteins passively transport solutes down a concentration gradient
47
osmosis
movement of water molecules toward a solution w/ a higher solute concentration
48
filtration
solute molecules small enough to pass the filtration membrane are carried by surrounding water molecules (e.g. kidney)
49
what factors can influence diffusion across a plasma membrane?
concentration gradient, temp, molecular size, electric charge, lipid solubility, presence of channel proteins
50
define: osmotic pressure
pressure needed to stop the flow of water/osmosis
51
how does osmotic pressure influence water movement in the body?
used to regulate cell volumes
52
isotonic solutions
normal rbc, equal concentration
53
hypertonic solutions
cells lose water; more solutes than solution (crenation)
54
hypotonic solutions
cells gain more water; less solutes than solution (hemolysis)
55
define: "active" processes of movement
energy needed to move molecules across the membrane
56
active transport
higher-energy bond in ATP provides the energy needed to move molecules across the membrane
57
receptor mediated endocytosis
import macromolecules from extracellular fluid
58
pinocytosis
absorb extracellular fluids
59
phagocytosis
a cell uses its membrane to engulf (eat) a large particle
60
exocytosis
cells move materials from w/in the cell in the extracellular fluid
61
structure and fxs of cytosol
gel-like fluid that houses the organelles
62
fx & location of ribosomes
make protein; free rib are scattered throughout cytoplasm; fixed rib are attached to ER
63
structure and fx(s) of rough ER
make & release proteins; a series of complex, flat membrane sheets near nucleus & extend across cytoplasm
64
structure and fx(s) of smooth ER
metabolize & detox harmful substances; trube-like
65
structure and fx(s) of golgi complex
storage and process station for products made by ER; stacked plates
66
structure and fx(s) of lysosomes
breaks stuff apart; membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
67
define: tissue
a group of cells that perform a specific fx
68
what are the four types of tissues in the body?
epithelial, muscle, nervous, & connective
69
epithelial tissue
avascular, polar, regen easily
70
muscle tissue
highly vascular
71
nervous tissue
send/recieve signals that provide body w/ info
72
connective tissue
intercellular matrix w/ few cells
73
what is an endocrine gland? (+ ex)
ductless; diffuse into blood vessels (thyroid, adrenal, pituitary)
74
what is an exocrine gland? (+ ex)
ducts; empty through epi surface (sweat)

(biol 160) anatomy & physiology (8 decks)

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