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(biol 160) anatomy & physiology > a&p exam #1 study guide > Flashcards

a&p exam #1 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

define: anatomy

A

a study of the visual structure and identifying them

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2
Q

define: gross anatomy

A

branch of anatomy that deals with organs and tissue that are visible to the naked eye

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3
Q

define: microscopic anatomy

A

study of normal structure of an organism under the microscope

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4
Q

explain: anatomical levels of organization of the body

A

cells –> tissues –> organs –> systems –> organisms

higher levels are built from lower levels

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5
Q

define: physiology

A

study of human body fx

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6
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of equilibrium necessary for survival

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7
Q

importance of homeostasis

A

to maintain a normal balance w/in the body; crucial for survival

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8
Q

explain: feedback mechanisms in homeostatic regulation

A

receptor (receives signal), ctrl ctr (create response), effector (sends out the response)

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9
Q

explain: negative feedback

A

does the opposite response of stimulus to regulate balance

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10
Q

examples of negative feedback

A

BP regulation

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11
Q

explain: positive feedback

A

pushes body further from base-line ‘til a bigger reaction brings body back to base-line

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12
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

child birth, blood clots

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13
Q

describe: human anatomical position

A

body is upright, facing forward with each arm hanging on either side and palms facing forward

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14
Q

importance of anatomical position in clinical settings

A

universal language: provides a clear and consistent way of describing a & p

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15
Q

superior

A

above

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16
Q

inferior

A

below

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17
Q

anterior

A

front side

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18
Q

ventral

A

belly side

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19
Q

posterior

A

backside

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20
Q

dorsal

A

back portion of the body (e.g. dorsal fin)

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21
Q

proximal

A

closer to attachment point

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22
Q

distal

A

further from attachment point

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23
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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24
Q

medial

A

closer to midline

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25
Q

superficial

A

closer to body’s surface

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26
Q

deep

A

farther from the body surface

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27
Q

sagittal

A

left & right

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28
Q

coronal/frontal

A

front & back

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29
Q

transverse

A

top & bottom

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30
Q

location & major organs: cranial cavity

A

in the skull; contains the brain

31
Q

location & major organs: spinal cavity

A

in the vertebral column; contains the spinal cord

32
Q

location & major organs: ventral body cavity

A

front of the trunk; contains the lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, & reproductive organs

33
Q

location & major organs: thoracic cavity

A

in the chest; contains heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, & thymus

34
Q

location & major organs: abdominopelvic cavity

A

the upper, middle, and lower areas of the abdomen; contains the intestines, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, reprod organs, urinary organs

35
Q

list: “representative cell”

A

a sample of cells that is used by researchers to represent a larger population of cells

36
Q

describe: structure of plasma membrane

A

a phospholipid bilayer: polar (hydrophilic) heads outside, non-polar (hydrophobic) tails inside

37
Q

what are the two major categories of proteins found in the plasma membrane?

A

integral and peripheral proteins

38
Q

describe: specific fxs assoc. w/ membrane proteins

A
39
Q

describe: overall fxs assoc. with plasma membrane

A

protect cell, house proteins, allow transport of materials, connect cells w/ other cells

40
Q

which components of the membrane are resp. for plasma membrane fxs?

A

lipids, proteins, and carbs

41
Q

define: intracellular fluid (+ ex.)

A

all fluid enclosed in cells (nucleus, er)

42
Q

define: extracellular fluid (+ ex.)

A

body fluid that is not contained w/in cells (blood, lymph)

43
Q

define: passive processes of movement

A
44
Q

what are the 4 common passive processes of movement that commonly occur in the body?

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, & osmosis

45
Q

simple diffusion

A

particles will diffuse from higher area to lower concentration

46
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

carrier proteins passively transport solutes down a concentration gradient

47
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water molecules toward a solution w/ a higher solute concentration

48
Q

filtration

A

solute molecules small enough to pass the filtration membrane are carried by surrounding water molecules (e.g. kidney)

49
Q

what factors can influence diffusion across a plasma membrane?

A

concentration gradient, temp, molecular size, electric charge, lipid solubility, presence of channel proteins

50
Q

define: osmotic pressure

A

pressure needed to stop the flow of water/osmosis

51
Q

how does osmotic pressure influence water movement in the body?

A

used to regulate cell volumes

52
Q

isotonic solutions

A

normal rbc, equal concentration

53
Q

hypertonic solutions

A

cells lose water; more solutes than solution (crenation)

54
Q

hypotonic solutions

A

cells gain more water; less solutes than solution (hemolysis)

55
Q

define: “active” processes of movement

A

energy needed to move molecules across the membrane

56
Q

active transport

A

higher-energy bond in ATP provides the energy needed to move molecules across the membrane

57
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

import macromolecules from extracellular fluid

58
Q

pinocytosis

A

absorb extracellular fluids

59
Q

phagocytosis

A

a cell uses its membrane to engulf (eat) a large particle

60
Q

exocytosis

A

cells move materials from w/in the cell in the extracellular fluid

61
Q

structure and fxs of cytosol

A

gel-like fluid that houses the organelles

62
Q

fx & location of ribosomes

A

make protein; free rib are scattered throughout cytoplasm; fixed rib are attached to ER

63
Q

structure and fx(s) of rough ER

A

make & release proteins; a series of complex, flat membrane sheets near nucleus & extend across cytoplasm

64
Q

structure and fx(s) of smooth ER

A

metabolize & detox harmful substances; trube-like

65
Q

structure and fx(s) of golgi complex

A

storage and process station for products made by ER; stacked plates

66
Q

structure and fx(s) of lysosomes

A

breaks stuff apart; membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes

67
Q

define: tissue

A

a group of cells that perform a specific fx

68
Q

what are the four types of tissues in the body?

A

epithelial, muscle, nervous, & connective

69
Q

epithelial tissue

A

avascular, polar, regen easily

70
Q

muscle tissue

A

highly vascular

71
Q

nervous tissue

A

send/recieve signals that provide body w/ info

72
Q

connective tissue

A

intercellular matrix w/ few cells

73
Q

what is an endocrine gland? (+ ex)

A

ductless; diffuse into blood vessels (thyroid, adrenal, pituitary)

74
Q

what is an exocrine gland? (+ ex)

A

ducts; empty through epi surface (sweat)

(biol 160) anatomy & physiology (8 decks)

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