Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

(biol 160) anatomy & physiology > a&p exam #2 study guide > Flashcards

a&p exam #2 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

general features of connective tissues

A

widely spaced cells
supports other tissues
highly vascular (except for cartilage)
has nerve supply (except for cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

general characteristics of connective tissues

A

cells + matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the “matrix” of a connective tissue made of?

A

fibers + ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

importance of “matrix” to the tissue

A

supports the surrounding cells structurally and biochemically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does the ground substance of a tissue affect its function?

A

provides support by acting as a medium of exchange b/w blood & cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the three main fibers in connective tissue

A

collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fx: collagen fibers

A

provide structure & strength throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fx: elastic fibers

A

provide elasticity and resilience to the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fx: reticular fibers

A

support network for soft tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

components of the skeletal system

A

bone
ligament
cartilage
tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A

support, movement, protection
blood cell formation
storage of calcium, phosphorus, & triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

four types of bone cells

A

osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

role of: osteogenic cell

A

stem cells that form new bones & grows/heals existing bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

role of: osteoblast

A

build new bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

role of: osteocyte

A

maintain bone (regulate formation of new bone & resorption of old bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

role of: osteoclast

A

break down bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

anatomical classification: long bone

A

long shaft w/ two bulky ends (e.g. humerus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anatomical classification: short bone

A

cube-like shape, w/ almost equal vertical & horizontal dimensions (wrist bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

anatomical classification: flat bone

A

thin, flat & slightly curved (e.g. sternum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

anatomical classification: irregular bone

A

complex shape (e.g. vertebra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

anatomical classification: sesamoid bone

A

small & rounded (e.g. patella)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ft/fx: head

A

ft: rounded articulated process
fx: forms part of a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ft/fx: condyle

A

ft: rounded projection w/ smooth articulated surface
fx: structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ft/fx: facet

A

ft: flat, slightly concave articulated surface
fx: helps form a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
ft/fx: trochanter
ft: large, blunt process fx: attachment point for muscles & CT
26
ft/fx: tuberosity
ft: large, rounded or roughened process fx: attachment point for muscles & CT
27
ft/fx: tubercle
ft: small, rounded prominence fx: attachment point for CT
28
ft/fx: epicondyle
ft: roughened projection on/above a condyle fx: attachment point for ligaments & tendons
29
ft/fx: crest
ft: prominent narrow ridge fx: attachment point for CT
30
ft/fx: spine
ft: sharp, narrow (pointed) projection fx: structure & support
31
ft/fx: process
ft: ft that sticks out fx: allow for muscle attachment
32
ft/fx: fossa
ft: shallow depression fx: accommodate bones during movement
33
ft/fx: foramen
ft: hole fx: passage-way for nerves & blood vessels
34
ft/fx: meatus
ft: tube-like opening fx: passage & protection for nerves, vessels, & sound
35
identify: anatomical divisions of the skeleton
axial and appendicular skeleton
36
bones of the axial skeleton
skull, face, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, sternum, & ribs
37
bones of the appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper & lower limbs
38
FUNCTIONAL classification of joints is based upon?
amount of movement allowed by the joint
39
the three FUNCTIONAL classification of joints:
synarthroses amphiarthroses diarthroses
40
synarthroses
immoveable (axial skeleton)
41
amphiarthroses
slightly moveable (axial skeleton)
42
diarthroses
freely moveable (appendicular skeleton)
43
STRUCTURAL classification of joints is based upon?
material that binds bone together
44
the three STRUCTURAL classification of joints:
fibrous cartilaginous synovial
45
fibrous
bones connected by fibrous CT NO joint cavity immoveable/slightly moveable (e.g. sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses)
46
three types of fibrous joints
sutures syndesmoses gomphoses
47
cartilaginous
cartilage b/w bones NO joint cavity (e.g. synchondroses, symphyses)
48
synovial
most moveable joint HAS fluid-filled joint cavity
49
describe (structure of a synovial joint): joint (synovial) cavity
houses synovial fluid
50
describe (structure of a synovial joint): articular cartilage
smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones
51
describe (structure of a synovial joint): articular (joint) capsule
an envelope that surrounds the synovial joint
52
describe (structure of a synovial joint): outer "fibrous capsule"
strengthens articular capsule
53
describe (structure of a synovial joint): inner "synovial membrane"
makes synovial fluid lines joint capsule covers internal joint surface
54
describe (structure of a synovial joint): synovial fluid
viscous fluid with blood supply & sensory nerves
55
describe (structure of a synovial joint): ligaments
a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
56
flexion
decrease angle of a joint
57
lateral flexion
movement of a body part to the side
58
extension
increase angle of a joint
59
hyperextension
increase the angle beyond normal anatomical position
60
abduction
moving away from body
61
adduction
moving towards body
62
left/right rotation
turning movement at spinal joints
63
medial rotation
rotate body part inward
64
lateral rotation
rotate body part outward
65
pronation
rotate forearm so palms face posteriorly
66
supination
rotate forearm so palms face anteriorly
67
dorsiflexion
lifting foot so toes are in the air (e.g. wet toe nails)
68
plantar flexion
raising the heel of your foot (e.g. tippy toes)
69
inversion
turning sole of foot medially
70
eversion
turning sole of foot laterally
71
elevation
lifting a body part superiorly
72
depression
lowering a body part inferiorly
73
protraction
move anteriorly (forward)
74
retraction
move posteriorly (backward)
75
describe: four characteristics of muscle tissues
excitable contractile elastic extensible
76
describe: functions of muscle tissue
movement generate heat maintain posture storing/moving substances
77
name: the three types of muscle tissue
cardiac, skeletal, & smooth
78
describe: cardiac muscle
striated, branched, single nucleus involuntary myogenic
79
describe: skeletal muscle
striated, multinucleated cells voluntary neurogenic
80
describe: smooth muscle
non-striated, single-nucleus involuntary neurogenic; some myogenic
81
tendon
a cord of strong, flexible tissue that connects muscles to bones
82
what is a tendon made of?
connective tissue that has a lot of strong collagen fibers in it
83
aponeurosis
a thin sheath of connective tissue that helps connect your muscles to your bones
84
sarcolemma
the plasma membrane of the muscle cell
85
transverse ("T") tubules
the invaginations w/in the sarcolemma
86
sarcoplasm
the cytoplasm of a muscle fibre
87
multinucleated
having more than one nucleus
88
sarcoplasmic reticulum
handles storage & release of calcium
89
myoglobin
protein that stores oxygen
90
myofibrils
contract so muscles get shorter
91
myofilaments: thin
fx: cross-bridge interactions caused muscle contraction strc: actin (helix), tropomyosin (covers binding sites), troponin (holds tropomyosin in its place)
92
myofilaments: thick
fx: cross-bridge interactions caused muscle contraction strc: contains ~300 myosin molecules (w. heads & a tail)
93
sarcomere
the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber
94
sliding filament theory
the sliding of actin past myosin generates muscle tension
95
what happens in sarcomeres during the sliding filament theory?
sarcomere fibers shorten
96
"all or none" principle
describes how nerve cells either fire at full strength or do not
97
describe: basic structure of a motor neuron
cell body (soma) dendrites axon
98
describe: neuromuscular junction
site for the transmission of action potential from nerve to the muscle
99
acetylholineserase (AchE)
an enzyme found at nmj (esp. muscles & nerves)
100
role of: acetylholineserase (AchE)
prevent ACh dispersal and activation of nearby receptors
101
"motor unit"
one motor neuron and the associated muscle fibers
102
recruitment
a process where different motor units are activated to produce an action
103
muscle tone
tension in relaxed muscle
104
importance of muscle tone
helps hold the body upright when in a relaxed manner
105
hypertrophy
an increase in muscle size
106
atrophy
thinning or loss of muscle tissue
107
musc. system anatomy: origin
attachment point that stays still during a movement
108
musc. system anatomy: insertion
attachment point that moves in response to muscle contraction
109
musc. system anatomy: action
movement that occurs during muscle contraction
110
the seven ways to name muscles
location size shape direction of fibers origin action attachment
111
what molecule binds to skeletal muscle at the motor end plate and begins excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber?
acetylcholine
112
which of the following muscle types are involuntary?
cardiac & smooth
113
which of these molecules releases the cross-bridge of actin and myosin?
ATP
114
thin filaments are made out of what proteins?
troponin, actin, & tropomyosin
115
the purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is to hold and release ___
calcium
116
identify the enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction to stop excitation of skeletal muscle
acetylcholinesterase

(biol 160) anatomy & physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions