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(biol 160) anatomy & physiology > a&p exam #2 study guide > Flashcards

a&p exam #2 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

general features of connective tissues

A

widely spaced cells
supports other tissues
highly vascular (except for cartilage)
has nerve supply (except for cartilage)

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2
Q

general characteristics of connective tissues

A

cells + matrix

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3
Q

what is the “matrix” of a connective tissue made of?

A

fibers + ground substance

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4
Q

importance of “matrix” to the tissue

A

supports the surrounding cells structurally and biochemically

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5
Q

how does the ground substance of a tissue affect its function?

A

provides support by acting as a medium of exchange b/w blood & cells

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6
Q

the three main fibers in connective tissue

A

collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

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7
Q

fx: collagen fibers

A

provide structure & strength throughout the body

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8
Q

fx: elastic fibers

A

provide elasticity and resilience to the tissues

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9
Q

fx: reticular fibers

A

support network for soft tissues

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10
Q

components of the skeletal system

A

bone
ligament
cartilage
tendon

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11
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A

support, movement, protection
blood cell formation
storage of calcium, phosphorus, & triglycerides

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12
Q

four types of bone cells

A

osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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13
Q

role of: osteogenic cell

A

stem cells that form new bones & grows/heals existing bones

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14
Q

role of: osteoblast

A

build new bone

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15
Q

role of: osteocyte

A

maintain bone (regulate formation of new bone & resorption of old bone)

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16
Q

role of: osteoclast

A

break down bone

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17
Q

anatomical classification: long bone

A

long shaft w/ two bulky ends (e.g. humerus)

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18
Q

anatomical classification: short bone

A

cube-like shape, w/ almost equal vertical & horizontal dimensions (wrist bone)

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19
Q

anatomical classification: flat bone

A

thin, flat & slightly curved (e.g. sternum)

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20
Q

anatomical classification: irregular bone

A

complex shape (e.g. vertebra)

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21
Q

anatomical classification: sesamoid bone

A

small & rounded (e.g. patella)

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22
Q

ft/fx: head

A

ft: rounded articulated process
fx: forms part of a joint

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23
Q

ft/fx: condyle

A

ft: rounded projection w/ smooth articulated surface
fx: structural support

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24
Q

ft/fx: facet

A

ft: flat, slightly concave articulated surface
fx: helps form a joint

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25
Q

ft/fx: trochanter

A

ft: large, blunt process
fx: attachment point for muscles & CT

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26
Q

ft/fx: tuberosity

A

ft: large, rounded or roughened process
fx: attachment point for muscles & CT

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27
Q

ft/fx: tubercle

A

ft: small, rounded prominence
fx: attachment point for CT

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28
Q

ft/fx: epicondyle

A

ft: roughened projection on/above a condyle
fx: attachment point for ligaments & tendons

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29
Q

ft/fx: crest

A

ft: prominent narrow ridge
fx: attachment point for CT

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30
Q

ft/fx: spine

A

ft: sharp, narrow (pointed) projection
fx: structure & support

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31
Q

ft/fx: process

A

ft: ft that sticks out
fx: allow for muscle attachment

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32
Q

ft/fx: fossa

A

ft: shallow depression
fx: accommodate bones during movement

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33
Q

ft/fx: foramen

A

ft: hole
fx: passage-way for nerves & blood vessels

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34
Q

ft/fx: meatus

A

ft: tube-like opening
fx: passage & protection for nerves, vessels, & sound

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35
Q

identify: anatomical divisions of the skeleton

A

axial and appendicular skeleton

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36
Q

bones of the axial skeleton

A

skull, face, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, sternum, & ribs

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37
Q

bones of the appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper & lower limbs

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38
Q

FUNCTIONAL classification of joints is based upon?

A

amount of movement allowed by the joint

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39
Q

the three FUNCTIONAL classification of joints:

A

synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses

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40
Q

synarthroses

A

immoveable (axial skeleton)

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41
Q

amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable (axial skeleton)

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42
Q

diarthroses

A

freely moveable (appendicular skeleton)

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43
Q

STRUCTURAL classification of joints is based upon?

A

material that binds bone together

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44
Q

the three STRUCTURAL classification of joints:

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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45
Q

fibrous

A

bones connected by fibrous CT
NO joint cavity
immoveable/slightly moveable
(e.g. sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses)

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46
Q

three types of fibrous joints

A

sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses

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47
Q

cartilaginous

A

cartilage b/w bones
NO joint cavity
(e.g. synchondroses, symphyses)

48
Q

synovial

A

most moveable joint
HAS fluid-filled joint cavity

49
Q

describe (structure of a synovial joint): joint (synovial) cavity

A

houses synovial fluid

50
Q

describe (structure of a synovial joint): articular cartilage

A

smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones

51
Q

describe (structure of a synovial joint): articular (joint) capsule

A

an envelope that surrounds the synovial joint

52
Q

describe (structure of a synovial joint): outer “fibrous capsule”

A

strengthens articular capsule

53
Q

describe (structure of a synovial joint): inner “synovial membrane”

A

makes synovial fluid
lines joint capsule
covers internal joint surface

54
Q

describe (structure of a synovial joint): synovial fluid

A

viscous fluid with blood supply & sensory nerves

55
Q

describe (structure of a synovial joint): ligaments

A

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

56
Q

flexion

A

decrease angle of a joint

57
Q

lateral flexion

A

movement of a body part to the side

58
Q

extension

A

increase angle of a joint

59
Q

hyperextension

A

increase the angle beyond normal anatomical position

60
Q

abduction

A

moving away from body

61
Q

adduction

A

moving towards body

62
Q

left/right rotation

A

turning movement at spinal joints

63
Q

medial rotation

A

rotate body part inward

64
Q

lateral rotation

A

rotate body part outward

65
Q

pronation

A

rotate forearm so palms face posteriorly

66
Q

supination

A

rotate forearm so palms face anteriorly

67
Q

dorsiflexion

A

lifting foot so toes are in the air (e.g. wet toe nails)

68
Q

plantar flexion

A

raising the heel of your foot (e.g. tippy toes)

69
Q

inversion

A

turning sole of foot medially

70
Q

eversion

A

turning sole of foot laterally

71
Q

elevation

A

lifting a body part superiorly

72
Q

depression

A

lowering a body part inferiorly

73
Q

protraction

A

move anteriorly (forward)

74
Q

retraction

A

move posteriorly (backward)

75
Q

describe: four characteristics of muscle tissues

A

excitable
contractile
elastic
extensible

76
Q

describe: functions of muscle tissue

A

movement
generate heat
maintain posture
storing/moving substances

77
Q

name: the three types of muscle tissue

A

cardiac, skeletal, & smooth

78
Q

describe: cardiac muscle

A

striated, branched, single nucleus
involuntary
myogenic

79
Q

describe: skeletal muscle

A

striated, multinucleated cells
voluntary
neurogenic

80
Q

describe: smooth muscle

A

non-striated, single-nucleus
involuntary
neurogenic; some myogenic

81
Q

tendon

A

a cord of strong, flexible tissue that connects muscles to bones

82
Q

what is a tendon made of?

A

connective tissue that has a lot of strong collagen fibers in it

83
Q

aponeurosis

A

a thin sheath of connective tissue that helps connect your muscles to your bones

84
Q

sarcolemma

A

the plasma membrane of the muscle cell

85
Q

transverse (“T”) tubules

A

the invaginations w/in the sarcolemma

86
Q

sarcoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of a muscle fibre

87
Q

multinucleated

A

having more than one nucleus

88
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

handles storage & release of calcium

89
Q

myoglobin

A

protein that stores oxygen

90
Q

myofibrils

A

contract so muscles get shorter

91
Q

myofilaments: thin

A

fx: cross-bridge interactions caused muscle contraction
strc: actin (helix), tropomyosin (covers binding sites), troponin (holds tropomyosin in its place)

92
Q

myofilaments: thick

A

fx: cross-bridge interactions caused muscle contraction
strc: contains ~300 myosin molecules (w. heads & a tail)

93
Q

sarcomere

A

the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber

94
Q

sliding filament theory

A

the sliding of actin past myosin generates muscle tension

95
Q

what happens in sarcomeres during the sliding filament theory?

A

sarcomere fibers shorten

96
Q

“all or none” principle

A

describes how nerve cells either fire at full strength or do not

97
Q

describe: basic structure of a motor neuron

A

cell body (soma)
dendrites
axon

98
Q

describe: neuromuscular junction

A

site for the transmission of action potential from nerve to the muscle

99
Q

acetylholineserase (AchE)

A

an enzyme found at nmj (esp. muscles & nerves)

100
Q

role of: acetylholineserase (AchE)

A

prevent ACh dispersal and activation of nearby receptors

101
Q

“motor unit”

A

one motor neuron and the associated muscle fibers

102
Q

recruitment

A

a process where different motor units are activated to produce an action

103
Q

muscle tone

A

tension in relaxed muscle

104
Q

importance of muscle tone

A

helps hold the body upright when in a relaxed manner

105
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in muscle size

106
Q

atrophy

A

thinning or loss of muscle tissue

107
Q

musc. system anatomy: origin

A

attachment point that stays still during a movement

108
Q

musc. system anatomy: insertion

A

attachment point that moves in response to muscle contraction

109
Q

musc. system anatomy: action

A

movement that occurs during muscle contraction

110
Q

the seven ways to name muscles

A

location
size
shape
direction of fibers
origin
action
attachment

111
Q

what molecule binds to skeletal muscle at the motor end plate and begins excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber?

A

acetylcholine

112
Q

which of the following muscle types are involuntary?

A

cardiac & smooth

113
Q

which of these molecules releases the cross-bridge of actin and myosin?

A

ATP

114
Q

thin filaments are made out of what proteins?

A

troponin, actin, & tropomyosin

115
Q

the purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is to hold and release ___

A

calcium

116
Q

identify the enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction to stop excitation of skeletal muscle

A

acetylcholinesterase

(biol 160) anatomy & physiology (8 decks)

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