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A&P 1 > A&P Exam 5 - Final > Flashcards

A&P Exam 5 - Final Flashcards

1
Q

what is multimodel association areas

A

communicate with many regions of the brain to process incoming niformation

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2
Q

anterior association area aka

A

prefrontal cortex

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3
Q

where is the anterior association area

A

at anterior tip of the frontal lobe

in front of motor areas

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4
Q

what is the anterior association area for

A

holds your personality

it is also involved with intellect and complex learning ability

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5
Q

what is the anterior association area closely linked to

A

the limbic system

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6
Q

what happens when there is damage to the anterior association area

A

causes personality issues
loss of intelligence
affects self control

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7
Q

posterior association area where is it

A

portions of the temporal parietal and occipital lobes

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8
Q

what is the posterior association area for

A

recognizing things like faces and it localizes us in space

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9
Q

what else does the posterior association area do

A

integrates multiple types of sensory stimuli to produce a single idea

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10
Q

limbic association area

A

part of the limbic system

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11
Q

what is the limbic association area for

A

allows conscious stimuli to have an emotional effect

so as we understand a situation we get appropriate emotional responses

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12
Q

hippocampus

A

part o the limbic association area establishes memories of momentous events

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13
Q

cerebral white matter

A

used for communication between different regions of the brain

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14
Q

what is cerebral white matter composed of

A

myelinated axons

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15
Q

commisural tracts

A

connects grey matter between the two hemispheres

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16
Q

what is the largest commisural tract

A

corpus collosum

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17
Q

association tract

A

connect grey matter within the same hemisphere

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18
Q

projection tract

A

connect grey matter between cerebral hemispheres and lower areas of the brain like the brain stem, cerebellum, and diencephalon

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19
Q

basal nuclei

A

found within cerebral white matter

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20
Q

structures of the basal nuclei

A

caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the glabus pallidus

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21
Q

what is basal nuclei important for

A

controlling body movement
filter out excessive or abnormal movement
plays a role in attention in cognition

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22
Q

diencephalon

A

composed of three paired areas of gray matter that enclose the third ventricle

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23
Q

three regions go the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

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24
Q

thalamus

A

forms the middle region of the diencephalon

longest region of the diencephalon (about 80%)

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25
Q

what does the thalamus do

A

acts as a relay to the cerebral hemispheres

it sorts, edits, and packages info. for higher brain areas

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26
Q

how are related stimuli packaged in the thalamus

A

together

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27
Q

where does all sensory info pass through

A

the thalamus on its way to cerebral processing areas

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28
Q

hypothalamus

A

forms the anterior part of diencephalon

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29
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

acts as a main visceral control center of the body

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30
Q

visceral

A

organs in a body cavity

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31
Q

hypothalamus functionality

A

very multifunctional

sets body temp. regulates pituitary gland, regulates thirst and food intake

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32
Q

epithalamus

A

posterior portion of the diencephalon

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33
Q

what does the epithalamus do

A

contains the pineal gland

- secretes melatonin

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34
Q

melatonin

A

regulates sleep/wake cycle

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35
Q

brain stem

A

connects the brain to the spinal cord

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36
Q

midbrain

A

superior portion of the brainstem

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37
Q

midbrain structure

A

has 2 cerebral peduncles that contain pyramidal corticospinal motor tracts
contains substantia nigra

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38
Q

nigra

A

dark to the naked eye

contains melanin

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39
Q

melanin

A

precursor to dopamine

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40
Q

parkinsons disease

A

due to degeneration of the substantial nigra

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41
Q

dopamine

A

prevents basal nuclei from becoming overactive

helps to limit abnormal and excessive motor natters

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42
Q

dopamine in parkinsons

A

release decreases and basal nuclei become overactive causing abnormal motor patterns

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43
Q

pons

A

middle portion of the brain stem

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44
Q

what does pons contain

A

mostly a conduction tract

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45
Q

medula oblongata

A

inferior portion of the brain

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46
Q

what does the medulla oblongata contain

A

many autonomic center which controls organ function blood pressure and heart rate regulation, cardio center

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47
Q

what does the medulla oblongata allow for

A

contralateral control

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48
Q

cerebellum

A

lies at the posterior of the brain

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49
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

provides precise timing and patterns for muscle movements
compares planned movements w/ actual movements and makes adjustments
allows for smooth agile movements

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50
Q

what does the cerebellum work with

A

motor areas in cerebral hemispheres and provides feedback to the primary cortex

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51
Q

how are the neurons in the cerebellum arranged

A

in a homunculus
neurons that control a body part are located together
show ipsilateral control of the body

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52
Q

cerebellar structure

A

surface is finely folded

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53
Q

vermis

A

thin strip tissue that connects the left and right hemispheres in the cerebellum

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54
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

3 paired tracts in the cerebellum

motor tracts that connect to the brain stem

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55
Q

cerebellar lobes

A

posterior anterior and flocolanodular lobes

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56
Q

limbic system

A

emotional portion of the brain

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57
Q

what is the limbic system composed of

A

multiple structures that circle above brain stem (form a halo)

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58
Q

formnix

A

a tract that links limbic structures together

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59
Q

amygdaloid body

A

assesses danger

recognizes angry and fearful facial expressions

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60
Q

what does the amygdaloid body do

A

elicits a fear response or aggressive response

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61
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

help express emotions through body gestures

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62
Q

when do coagulate gyrus activate

A

when we are frustrated

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63
Q

rhinocephalon

A

composed of several nuclei linked to the smell legion in brain

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64
Q

what does the rhinencephalon do

A

links particular odors to strong emotional responses

- both good and bad

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65
Q

hypothalamus location

A

at the center of the limbic system

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66
Q

what does hypothalamus do in the limbo system

A

links emotional reactions to body responses

  • hearth rate increase
  • breathing rate increasing
  • sweating
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67
Q

heart rate increase

A

can lead to a psychosomatic illness (so emotional you get sick)

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68
Q

reticular formation composed

A

multiple structures that pass through the brainstem

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69
Q

reticular formation neurons

A

synapse onto brain area

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70
Q

Reticular activating system

A

synapses onto cerebral cortex

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71
Q

what does RAS do

A

stimulates brain to keep you alert and awake

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72
Q

what stimulates the RAS

A

Sensory information such as light and sound

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73
Q

protection of the brain

A

by the bones of the cranium, the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

74
Q

meninges

A

three connective tissue membranes wrap and protect the brain

75
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer
most durable layer
composed of fibrous connective tissue

76
Q

arachnoid mater

A

intermediate layer
thin and elastic
produces arachnoid villi

77
Q

arachnoid villi

A

absorbs old CSF

78
Q

Pia mater

A

innermost layer
tightly wraps the brain
delicate and richly vascularized

79
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid in the CNS acts as a liquid cushion that protects the delicate soft brain

80
Q

choroid plexuses

A

sites of CSF formation

81
Q

where is the choroid plexuses

A

in the ventricles

82
Q

how does the choroid plexuses work

A

select compounds are pumped from blood into the brain

83
Q

what is CSF a product of

A

blood plasma

84
Q

how are compounds pumped in the choroid plexuses

A

by ependymal cells

85
Q

how often is the entire volume of CSF replaced

A

about 3 times a day

every 8 hours

86
Q

how much CSF is there in the brain

A

about 150 mL

87
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

prevents CSF and blood from mixing

88
Q

what is the blood-brain barrier composed of

A

continuous capillaries

the walls are not very leaky

89
Q

what does the blood-brain barrier protect

A

the brain from microorganisms and fluctuations in blood chemistry

90
Q

how does the blood-brain barrier work

A

it is only effective against polar compounds

nonpolar compounds pass through

91
Q

the spinal cord

A

connects the brain to the body

92
Q

spinal dura mater

A

single layered

93
Q

epidural space

A

it’s a space between the dura mater and the bone

94
Q

what can the epidural space be used for

A

to inject medication and sample CSF

95
Q

conus medullaris

A

inferior round end of the spinal cord

96
Q

where does the conus medullaris end at

A

at the L1

can go below this point to sample CSF also

97
Q

filum terminale

A

fibrous extensions of the pia mater

98
Q

where does the filum terminale anchor at

A

on coccyx

99
Q

what does the filum terminale do

A

prevent spinal cord from moving excessively during body movement

100
Q

cauda equina

A

a mass of spinal nerve roots that extend from the conus medullaris (horses tail)

101
Q

spinal nerves

A

each segment of the spinal cord produces a nerve pair (31 pairs)

102
Q

nerves for limbs

A

enlarged in these areas

103
Q

cervical enlargement

A

for upper limbs (nerves)

104
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

for lower limbs (nerves)

105
Q

cross sectional anatomy

A

spinal cord is composed of interior gray matter with white matter on the exterior
almost divided in to two halves

106
Q

ventral median fissure

A

front of spinal cord

107
Q

dorsal median fissure

A

back of spinal cord

108
Q

gray matter in the spinal cord

A

is arranged as horns
dorsal
ventral
lateral

109
Q

what do horns contain

A

multipolar neuron cell bodies

110
Q

cray commusure

A

a thin strap that connects the left and right halves of the spinal cord

111
Q

what does each horn produce

A

a root (a bundle of axons)

112
Q

ventral roots

A

produced by ventral horn

contains motor axons

113
Q

dorsal roots

A

produced by the dorsal root

contains sensory axons

114
Q

spinal nerves

A

ventral and dorsal roots merged to form a spinal root

115
Q

white matter in the spinal cord

A

arranged in columns called funiculi

116
Q

ascending pathways in white matter

A

carry sensory information to the brain

117
Q

descending pathways in white matter

A

carry motor stimuli to muscles

118
Q

motor pathways in white matter

A

crossover for contralateral regulation
paired with a pathway on each side
left and right

119
Q

the peripheral nervous system

A

is a link between the central nervous system and the outside world

120
Q

nerves

A

a bundle of axons wrapped in connective tissue

121
Q

nerve structure

A

contains several layers of connective tissue

connective tissue and myelin

122
Q

a fascicle

A

a bundle of axons

123
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds an individual neuron

124
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds a bundle of neurons (a fascicle)

125
Q

epinerium

A

surrounds a whole nerve

126
Q

afferent nerves

A

sensory in function

127
Q

efferent nerves

A

motor in function

128
Q

mixed nerves

A

can carry motor and sensory axons

129
Q

autonomic nerves

A

subconscious

130
Q

somatic nerve

A

voluntary

131
Q

spinal nerves

A

arise from the spinal cord

132
Q

what are all spinal nerves

A

mixed nerves

133
Q

cervical nerves C1 to C8

A

8 pairs

134
Q

thoracis nerves (T1 to T12)

A

12 pairs

135
Q

lumbar nerves (L1 to L5)

A

5 pairs

136
Q

Secral nerves S1 to S5

A

5 pairs

137
Q

Loccygeal nerves

A

i pair

138
Q

rami

A

spinal nerves are very short
less than an inch long
split to form two rami

139
Q

dorsal ramus

A

short
extends posteriorly
mixed
serves all body tissues behind the spinal cord

140
Q

ventral ramus

A

longer -majority of body is in front of spinal cord
extends anteriorly
mixed
serves all body tissues in front of spinal cord

141
Q

nerve plexuses

A

a region where multiple rami meet and intersect

142
Q

which rami do not enter the plexuses

A

t1 - t12

they travel alone as intercostal nerves

143
Q

cervical plexus

A

located at the back of the neck

144
Q

what are the cervical plexus formed by

A

c1 - c5

145
Q

what do cervical plexus produce

A

cutaneous nerves for skin sensation and motor nerves in segmental branches

146
Q

brachial plexus

A

located near the meeting of the shoulder and the neck

147
Q

what are the brachial plexus formed by

A

ventral rami c5-t1

148
Q

how is the brachial plexus damaged

A

by pulling at the arm with force or by forcing shoulder downward it causes loss of sensation and muscle weakness

149
Q

what nerves do the brachial plexus serve

A

only the upper limb and it is the most complicated plexus

150
Q

named nerves of the brachial plexus

A

axillary ulnar radial median musculocutaneous dorsal scapulator long thoracic subscapular pectoral

151
Q

nerve forming process

A

rami combine to form trunks
trunks split to form divisions
divisions recombine to form cords
cords split to form named nerves

152
Q

lumbar plexus

A

lies anterior to the pelvis

153
Q

what are lumbar plexus formed by

A

rami l1 - l4

154
Q

what nerves do the lumbar plexus serve

A

the lower limb

155
Q

named nerves of lumbar plexus

A

femoral, obturator, lateral femoral cutaneous, illiohpogastric, illioinguinal, genitofemoral

156
Q

sacral plexus

A

lies posterior to the pelvis

157
Q

what is the sacral plexus formed by

A

l4 - s4

158
Q

what does the sacral plexus serve

A

the lower limb

159
Q

namedn elves of the sacral plexus

A

sciatic, tibial, common fibular, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, pudental, posterior femoral cutaneous

160
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized afferent neurons

161
Q

classification of receptors by stimulus

A

naming based on the type of stimulus that activates the cell

162
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

responsive to physical forces like touch, pressure, vibration, stretch

163
Q

thermoreceptors

A

responsive to temperature changes

164
Q

cold receptors

A

are superficial

165
Q

heat receptors

A

are deep

166
Q

photoreceptors

A

responsive to light energy

167
Q

where are photoreceptors found

A

only in the eye

168
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sensitive to chemical changes

169
Q

nociceptors

A

responsive to damaging stimuli that cause pain

170
Q

classification of receptors by location

A

naming based on the origin of the stimulus

171
Q

exteroceptors

A

sensitive to external stimuli located near the surface of the body

172
Q

interoceptors

A

sensitive to internal stimuli

usually a subconscious perception of internal conditions

173
Q

propriceptors

A

a type of internal receptors found in skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsule

174
Q

what do propriceptors do

A

collect info on body movement and limb position
produce feedback to brain on body movements
send info to brain to related position and limb movement

175
Q

classification of receptors by structural complexity

A

naming based on their components

176
Q

nonencapsulated nerve endings

A

aka nerve endings

mostly free dendrites in group C neurons

177
Q

nonencapsulated nerve endings characteristics

A

abundant in epithelial tissue
dendrites have knob-like swellings
mostly responsive to pain and temperature

178
Q

itch receptor

A

a very small free nerve ending

179
Q

what are itch receptors stimulated by

A

pro-inflammatory chemicals such as histamine

180
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

neurons with a connective tissue capsule around dendrites

almost all are mechanoreceptors

181
Q

meissner’s corpuscles

A

touch receptors that are sensitive to ligament pressure and discriminative touch
particularly in hairless skin
aka tactile corpuscles

182
Q

muscle spindles

A

a propriceptor inside skeletal muscle
located deep to a skeletal muscle
detects muscle stretch

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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