A&P Exam 5 - Final Flashcards
1
Q
what is multimodel association areas
A
communicate with many regions of the brain to process incoming niformation
2
Q
anterior association area aka
A
prefrontal cortex
3
Q
where is the anterior association area
A
at anterior tip of the frontal lobe
in front of motor areas
4
Q
what is the anterior association area for
A
holds your personality
it is also involved with intellect and complex learning ability
5
Q
what is the anterior association area closely linked to
A
the limbic system
6
Q
what happens when there is damage to the anterior association area
A
causes personality issues
loss of intelligence
affects self control
7
Q
posterior association area where is it
A
portions of the temporal parietal and occipital lobes
8
Q
what is the posterior association area for
A
recognizing things like faces and it localizes us in space
9
Q
what else does the posterior association area do
A
integrates multiple types of sensory stimuli to produce a single idea
10
Q
limbic association area
A
part of the limbic system
11
Q
what is the limbic association area for
A
allows conscious stimuli to have an emotional effect
so as we understand a situation we get appropriate emotional responses
12
Q
hippocampus
A
part o the limbic association area establishes memories of momentous events
13
Q
cerebral white matter
A
used for communication between different regions of the brain
14
Q
what is cerebral white matter composed of
A
myelinated axons
15
Q
commisural tracts
A
connects grey matter between the two hemispheres
16
Q
what is the largest commisural tract
A
corpus collosum
17
Q
association tract
A
connect grey matter within the same hemisphere
18
Q
projection tract
A
connect grey matter between cerebral hemispheres and lower areas of the brain like the brain stem, cerebellum, and diencephalon
19
Q
basal nuclei
A
found within cerebral white matter
20
Q
structures of the basal nuclei
A
caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the glabus pallidus
21
Q
what is basal nuclei important for
A
controlling body movement
filter out excessive or abnormal movement
plays a role in attention in cognition
22
Q
diencephalon
A
composed of three paired areas of gray matter that enclose the third ventricle
23
Q
three regions go the diencephalon
A
thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
24
Q
thalamus
A
forms the middle region of the diencephalon
longest region of the diencephalon (about 80%)
25
what does the thalamus do
acts as a relay to the cerebral hemispheres
| it sorts, edits, and packages info. for higher brain areas
26
how are related stimuli packaged in the thalamus
together
27
where does all sensory info pass through
the thalamus on its way to cerebral processing areas
28
hypothalamus
forms the anterior part of diencephalon
29
what does the hypothalamus do
acts as a main visceral control center of the body
30
visceral
organs in a body cavity
31
hypothalamus functionality
very multifunctional
| sets body temp. regulates pituitary gland, regulates thirst and food intake
32
epithalamus
posterior portion of the diencephalon
33
what does the epithalamus do
contains the pineal gland
| - secretes melatonin
34
melatonin
regulates sleep/wake cycle
35
brain stem
connects the brain to the spinal cord
36
midbrain
superior portion of the brainstem
37
midbrain structure
has 2 cerebral peduncles that contain pyramidal corticospinal motor tracts
contains substantia nigra
38
nigra
dark to the naked eye
| contains melanin
39
melanin
precursor to dopamine
40
parkinsons disease
due to degeneration of the substantial nigra
41
dopamine
prevents basal nuclei from becoming overactive
| helps to limit abnormal and excessive motor natters
42
dopamine in parkinsons
release decreases and basal nuclei become overactive causing abnormal motor patterns
43
pons
middle portion of the brain stem
44
what does pons contain
mostly a conduction tract
45
medula oblongata
inferior portion of the brain
46
what does the medulla oblongata contain
many autonomic center which controls organ function blood pressure and heart rate regulation, cardio center
47
what does the medulla oblongata allow for
contralateral control
48
cerebellum
lies at the posterior of the brain
49
what does the cerebellum do
provides precise timing and patterns for muscle movements
compares planned movements w/ actual movements and makes adjustments
allows for smooth agile movements
50
what does the cerebellum work with
motor areas in cerebral hemispheres and provides feedback to the primary cortex
51
how are the neurons in the cerebellum arranged
in a homunculus
neurons that control a body part are located together
show ipsilateral control of the body
52
cerebellar structure
surface is finely folded
53
vermis
thin strip tissue that connects the left and right hemispheres in the cerebellum
54
cerebellar peduncles
3 paired tracts in the cerebellum
| motor tracts that connect to the brain stem
55
cerebellar lobes
posterior anterior and flocolanodular lobes
56
limbic system
emotional portion of the brain
57
what is the limbic system composed of
multiple structures that circle above brain stem (form a halo)
58
formnix
a tract that links limbic structures together
59
amygdaloid body
assesses danger
| recognizes angry and fearful facial expressions
60
what does the amygdaloid body do
elicits a fear response or aggressive response
61
cingulate gyrus
help express emotions through body gestures
62
when do coagulate gyrus activate
when we are frustrated
63
rhinocephalon
composed of several nuclei linked to the smell legion in brain
64
what does the rhinencephalon do
links particular odors to strong emotional responses
| - both good and bad
65
hypothalamus location
at the center of the limbic system
66
what does hypothalamus do in the limbo system
links emotional reactions to body responses
- hearth rate increase
- breathing rate increasing
- sweating
67
heart rate increase
can lead to a psychosomatic illness (so emotional you get sick)
68
reticular formation composed
multiple structures that pass through the brainstem
69
reticular formation neurons
synapse onto brain area
70
Reticular activating system
synapses onto cerebral cortex
71
what does RAS do
stimulates brain to keep you alert and awake
72
what stimulates the RAS
Sensory information such as light and sound
73
protection of the brain
by the bones of the cranium, the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
74
meninges
three connective tissue membranes wrap and protect the brain
75
dura mater
outermost layer
most durable layer
composed of fibrous connective tissue
76
arachnoid mater
intermediate layer
thin and elastic
produces arachnoid villi
77
arachnoid villi
absorbs old CSF
78
Pia mater
innermost layer
tightly wraps the brain
delicate and richly vascularized
79
cerebrospinal fluid
fluid in the CNS acts as a liquid cushion that protects the delicate soft brain
80
choroid plexuses
sites of CSF formation
81
where is the choroid plexuses
in the ventricles
82
how does the choroid plexuses work
select compounds are pumped from blood into the brain
83
what is CSF a product of
blood plasma
84
how are compounds pumped in the choroid plexuses
by ependymal cells
85
how often is the entire volume of CSF replaced
about 3 times a day
| every 8 hours
86
how much CSF is there in the brain
about 150 mL
87
blood-brain barrier
prevents CSF and blood from mixing
88
what is the blood-brain barrier composed of
continuous capillaries
| the walls are not very leaky
89
what does the blood-brain barrier protect
the brain from microorganisms and fluctuations in blood chemistry
90
how does the blood-brain barrier work
it is only effective against polar compounds
| nonpolar compounds pass through
91
the spinal cord
connects the brain to the body
92
spinal dura mater
single layered
93
epidural space
it's a space between the dura mater and the bone
94
what can the epidural space be used for
to inject medication and sample CSF
95
conus medullaris
inferior round end of the spinal cord
96
where does the conus medullaris end at
at the L1
| can go below this point to sample CSF also
97
filum terminale
fibrous extensions of the pia mater
98
where does the filum terminale anchor at
on coccyx
99
what does the filum terminale do
prevent spinal cord from moving excessively during body movement
100
cauda equina
a mass of spinal nerve roots that extend from the conus medullaris (horses tail)
101
spinal nerves
each segment of the spinal cord produces a nerve pair (31 pairs)
102
nerves for limbs
enlarged in these areas
103
cervical enlargement
for upper limbs (nerves)
104
lumbar enlargement
for lower limbs (nerves)
105
cross sectional anatomy
spinal cord is composed of interior gray matter with white matter on the exterior
almost divided in to two halves
106
ventral median fissure
front of spinal cord
107
dorsal median fissure
back of spinal cord
108
gray matter in the spinal cord
is arranged as horns
dorsal
ventral
lateral
109
what do horns contain
multipolar neuron cell bodies
110
cray commusure
a thin strap that connects the left and right halves of the spinal cord
111
what does each horn produce
a root (a bundle of axons)
112
ventral roots
produced by ventral horn
| contains motor axons
113
dorsal roots
produced by the dorsal root
| contains sensory axons
114
spinal nerves
ventral and dorsal roots merged to form a spinal root
115
white matter in the spinal cord
arranged in columns called funiculi
116
ascending pathways in white matter
carry sensory information to the brain
117
descending pathways in white matter
carry motor stimuli to muscles
118
motor pathways in white matter
crossover for contralateral regulation
paired with a pathway on each side
left and right
119
the peripheral nervous system
is a link between the central nervous system and the outside world
120
nerves
a bundle of axons wrapped in connective tissue
121
nerve structure
contains several layers of connective tissue
| connective tissue and myelin
122
a fascicle
a bundle of axons
123
endoneurium
surrounds an individual neuron
124
perineurium
surrounds a bundle of neurons (a fascicle)
125
epinerium
surrounds a whole nerve
126
afferent nerves
sensory in function
127
efferent nerves
motor in function
128
mixed nerves
can carry motor and sensory axons
129
autonomic nerves
subconscious
130
somatic nerve
voluntary
131
spinal nerves
arise from the spinal cord
132
what are all spinal nerves
mixed nerves
133
cervical nerves C1 to C8
8 pairs
134
thoracis nerves (T1 to T12)
12 pairs
135
lumbar nerves (L1 to L5)
5 pairs
136
Secral nerves S1 to S5
5 pairs
137
Loccygeal nerves
i pair
138
rami
spinal nerves are very short
less than an inch long
split to form two rami
139
dorsal ramus
short
extends posteriorly
mixed
serves all body tissues behind the spinal cord
140
ventral ramus
longer -majority of body is in front of spinal cord
extends anteriorly
mixed
serves all body tissues in front of spinal cord
141
nerve plexuses
a region where multiple rami meet and intersect
142
which rami do not enter the plexuses
t1 - t12
| they travel alone as intercostal nerves
143
cervical plexus
located at the back of the neck
144
what are the cervical plexus formed by
c1 - c5
145
what do cervical plexus produce
cutaneous nerves for skin sensation and motor nerves in segmental branches
146
brachial plexus
located near the meeting of the shoulder and the neck
147
what are the brachial plexus formed by
ventral rami c5-t1
148
how is the brachial plexus damaged
by pulling at the arm with force or by forcing shoulder downward it causes loss of sensation and muscle weakness
149
what nerves do the brachial plexus serve
only the upper limb and it is the most complicated plexus
150
named nerves of the brachial plexus
axillary ulnar radial median musculocutaneous dorsal scapulator long thoracic subscapular pectoral
151
nerve forming process
rami combine to form trunks
trunks split to form divisions
divisions recombine to form cords
cords split to form named nerves
152
lumbar plexus
lies anterior to the pelvis
153
what are lumbar plexus formed by
rami l1 - l4
154
what nerves do the lumbar plexus serve
the lower limb
155
named nerves of lumbar plexus
femoral, obturator, lateral femoral cutaneous, illiohpogastric, illioinguinal, genitofemoral
156
sacral plexus
lies posterior to the pelvis
157
what is the sacral plexus formed by
l4 - s4
158
what does the sacral plexus serve
the lower limb
159
namedn elves of the sacral plexus
sciatic, tibial, common fibular, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, pudental, posterior femoral cutaneous
160
sensory receptors
specialized afferent neurons
161
classification of receptors by stimulus
naming based on the type of stimulus that activates the cell
162
mechanoreceptors
responsive to physical forces like touch, pressure, vibration, stretch
163
thermoreceptors
responsive to temperature changes
164
cold receptors
are superficial
165
heat receptors
are deep
166
photoreceptors
responsive to light energy
167
where are photoreceptors found
only in the eye
168
chemoreceptors
sensitive to chemical changes
169
nociceptors
responsive to damaging stimuli that cause pain
170
classification of receptors by location
naming based on the origin of the stimulus
171
exteroceptors
sensitive to external stimuli located near the surface of the body
172
interoceptors
sensitive to internal stimuli
| usually a subconscious perception of internal conditions
173
propriceptors
a type of internal receptors found in skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsule
174
what do propriceptors do
collect info on body movement and limb position
produce feedback to brain on body movements
send info to brain to related position and limb movement
175
classification of receptors by structural complexity
naming based on their components
176
nonencapsulated nerve endings
aka nerve endings
| mostly free dendrites in group C neurons
177
nonencapsulated nerve endings characteristics
abundant in epithelial tissue
dendrites have knob-like swellings
mostly responsive to pain and temperature
178
itch receptor
a very small free nerve ending
179
what are itch receptors stimulated by
pro-inflammatory chemicals such as histamine
180
encapsulated nerve endings
neurons with a connective tissue capsule around dendrites
| almost all are mechanoreceptors
181
meissner's corpuscles
touch receptors that are sensitive to ligament pressure and discriminative touch
particularly in hairless skin
aka tactile corpuscles
182
muscle spindles
a propriceptor inside skeletal muscle
located deep to a skeletal muscle
detects muscle stretch
