A&P ch 1 Flashcards
0
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Anatomy
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Studies the STRUCTURE. Of body parts and their relationships.
1
Q
What are two key things about anatomy
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Concrete and can be seen felt and examined closely.
2
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What is microscopic anatomy
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Too small to be seen with the naked eye.
4
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What is gross anatomy
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Visible with the naked eye
example - heart, lungs, kidneys etc.
5
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Two types of gross anatomy
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Systemic anatomy and Regional anatomy
6
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systemic anatomy
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studies system by system - cardiovascular system you can examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body
7
Q
regional anatomy
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all structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc ) - in a particular region of the body such as abdomen or leg
8
Q
surface anatomy
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internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
9
Q
Physiology
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FUNCTION of the body - how they work and carryout their life sustaining abilities
10
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developmental anatomy
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Tracks structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan
11
Q
chemical level
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atoms combine to form different chemicals
12
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cellular levels
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cells are built with a large number of molecules
13
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tissue level
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a collection of similar cell types that perform a common function
14
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organ level
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a discreet structure composed of multiple tissue types
15
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organ system levels
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organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
16
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levels of organization
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chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems, and organismal levels
17
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organismal level
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entire individual (you, me etc) the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
18
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homeostasis
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maintaining stable internal conditions - takes energy and effort (ATP) uses feedback mechanisms (negative and positive)
19
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homeostatic balance
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maintaining keeps you healthy - inbalance is a common cause of disease
20
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organ systems
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there are eleven organ systems in the human body
21
Q
integumentary system
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external body covering (skin, hair, nails, glands) protects our deeper delicate tissues
22
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skeletal system
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protects and supports the body archer skeletal muscle consists of bones and hips
23
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muscle system
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allows body movements - with help of bones
24
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muscle skeletal
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where the muscles attach to the bones (skeletal muscles)
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nervous system
a major control system of the body
| uses electrical signaling to rapidly adjust body process (brain spinal cord and nerves)
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cytosol
gel like material that fills the cell
mostly water (which is the solvent)
ions, vitamins, enzymes, nutrients etc. are in this liquid (which is the solute)
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inclusions
chemicals that are no longer dissolved in water
| granural storage of a useful compound
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examples of inclusions
melanin - dark skin pigment (melonocytes)
glycogen - energy storage form of glucose (skeletal, hepotocytes ;live )
lipids - inadipocytes
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the internal cell structures
cytosol
inclusions
nucleus
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nucleus
information center of the cell (like a brain)
31
what is nucleus surrounded by?
it's own phospholipid bilayer called the nuclear envelope
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what are the openings in the nuclear envelope called
nuclear pores
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what are the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope for
entry and exit site
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what are the dark spots in the nucleus called?
nucleolas (singular)
| nucleoli (plural)
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what are nucleolus for
produce pieces of ribosome (RNA)
36
in the cell
largest internal structure
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how many nucleus do most cells contain
one
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what are cells with no nucleus called
anucleate (red blood cells/erythrocyte)
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what are cells with more than one nucleus called
multinucleate
| for skeletal muscle or large hard working muscle like the liver etc.
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what is an organelle
it means little organ that maintain the life of the cell
41
ribosomes
site of protein production
very small
not surrounded by its own membrane
composed of two subunits (small and large)
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how many ribosomes do cells contain
hundreds maybe thousands USUALLY
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endocrine system
second major control system of the body it uses electrical signals called HORMONES to slowly adjust body processes
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pituitary gland
sits at the base of the brain (part of endocrine system)
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pancreas
secretes insulin and glycogan (part of endocrine)
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adrenal gland
sits a top of kidneys (part of endocrine)
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cardiovascualar system
composed of the heart and blood vessels
48
heart
pumps blood through out the body
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blood vessels
carry blood throughout the body
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arteries
deliver fresh blood to body tissues (oxygenated)
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veins
drain out blood from body tissues (deoxygenated)
52
erythrocytes
red blood cells that cary oxygen (use hemoglobin to transport 02
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lymphatic system
collects fluid that is loss from blood vessels and returns fluid to blood vessels and holds most of the immune system
54
lymph tissues
composed of vessels and tissues
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lymph vessels
filled with a fluid called lymph
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organs in the lymphatic system
tonsils, lymphnodes, spleen (organs filled with immune cells
57
respiratory system
gas exchange
O2 inhale
CO2 exhale
58
passageways (bronchi)
site of gas exchange
| air travels through bronchi to reach alveoli
59
digestive system
breaks down food to absorbable seizes and eliminates indigestibles
60
stomach
hold and partially digests food
61
small intestine
only site where nutrients enter bloodstream
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large intestine
removes water and electrolytes before defecation
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urinary system
eliminates chemical waste from body related to exocrine system
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kidney
removes waste from blood and produce urine
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urethra
drains urine from bladder
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reproductive system
produces offspring and differs between men and women
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anatomical position
body is erect with feet standing slightly apart palms face forward and thumbs away from body
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anatomical left
left of the subject not my left (it's like looking at a cadaver laying down
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body sections
sections in which the human body can be cut
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sagittal plane
vertical cut through body (from front to back) provides a left and a right side
71
midsaggital cuts
exact center of body through nose and umbilicus
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frontal plane
also called coronal plane vertical cut from side to side produces a front and back
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transverse plane
or horizontal plane is a horizontal cut that produces a top and bottom
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oblique plane
any diagonal cut through the body
75
directional terms
terms used to describe body structures in relation to another
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superior vs inferior
towards the head and upper part of the body
vs
away from the head and towards the lowest part of the body
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superor vs inferior examples
the nose is superior to the chin
| the chin is inferior to the eyes
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ventral vs dorsal
ventral can be anterior which is towards or at the front of the body
vs
dorsal can be posterior towards or at the back of the body
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ventral vs dorsal examples
the buttcheeks are dorsal and inferior to the eyes
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proximal vs distal
(for limbs and shoulders only)
closer to the origin of point of attachment
vs
further away from the origin of attachment
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proximal vs distal examples
upper limb - shoulder-arm-elbow-forearm-wrist-hand-fingers
lower limb-hip-thigh-knee-leg-ankle-foot-toes
the knee is proximal to the foot
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medial vs lateral vs intermediate
```
at or toward the middle of the body
vs
away from midline of the body
vs
between a more lateral and a more medial structure
```
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medial vs lateral vs intermediate examples
the nipples are lateral and superior to the umbilicus
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superficial vs deep
at or towards the surface of the body
vs
away from surface of the body
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superficial vs deep
the skin is superficial to the bones
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regional terms
used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions
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axial
main axis of the body - head, neck, trunk -
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appendicular
appendages or limbs attached to the body's axis
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nasal
nose
90
oral
mouth
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cervical
neck
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acromial
point of shoulder
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axilary
armpit
94
abdomial
abdomen
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brachial
arm
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antecubital
front of elbow
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antebrachial
forearm
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pelvic
pelvis
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carpal
wrist
100
pollex
thumb
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palmar
palm
102
digital
fingers
103
pubic
genital region
104
patellar
anterior knee
105
crural
leg
106
pedal
foot
107
tarsal
ankle
108
digital
toes
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otic
ear
110
occipital
back of hear or base of skull
111
acromial
point of shoulder
112
vertebral
spinal column
113
scapulator
shoulder blade
114
dorsum or dorsal
back
115
olecranal
back of elbow
116
lumbar
loin (lower back)
117
sacral
between hips
118
gluteal
buttock
119
perineal
region between the anus and external genetalia
120
femoral
thigh
121
popliteal
back of knee
122
sural
calf
123
calcaneal
hell
124
planar
sole
125
lower extremity
from butt to feet
126
manus
hand
127
upper extremity
writsts to shoulders
| carpal to acromial
128
cephalic
head
129
frontal
forehead
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orbital
eye
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buccal
cheek
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mental
chin
133
sternal
brestbone
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thoracis
chest
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mammary
breast
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umbilical
navel
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coxal
hip
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inguinal
groin
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femoral
thigh
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fibular or personeal
side of leg
141
hallux
great toe
142
major body cavities
two large cavities that are closed to the outside contain vital organs
143
dorsal cavity
protects the fragile nervous system organs
144
two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity
cranial and vertebral
superior and inferior
they hold the central nervous system (brain and spinal-chord
145
ventral cavity
two major portions thoracic and abdomen cavity - the diaphragm is a physical boarder between the two
146
thoracics cavity
surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest
| contains two pleural cavities (each holds a lung)
147
abdominopelvic cavity
line is at eliac crest most important muscle for breathing
148
mitochondria
site of most ATP
| site of a lot of biochemistry
149
How is ATP produced in mitochondria
by oxidizing organize compounds
150
endoplasmic reticulum AKA ER
extensive network of flattened membrane sacs
151
how many types of ER are there? and what are they?
two types
rough ER
smooth ER
152
rough ER
Most common > covered in ribosomes (RNA)
| produce proteins that will be released from the cell
153
smooth ER
no ribosomes present (involved with lipid synthesis and many additional functions)
can produce new phospholipids detoxify drugs and alcohol, stores calcium
154
golgi apparatus
similar in structure to the ER
composed of flattened membrane sacs
acts as "shipping and receiving" center of calluses vesicles to transport products through cell
155
lysosomes
small sperical organelles
small pickers of acid and harsh chemicals
garbage can and recycling center of cell
156
digestive enzymes
```
digest all types of biological macromolecules
protein
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acid
```
157
peroxisomes
smll spherical organelles filled with enzymes that detoxify
158
cytoskeleton
extensive network of proteins extending throughout the cytoplasm
159
how is anatomy different from physiology
the study of the body vs how they function
160
plasma membrane
a boundary that separated the living cell from its nonliving surroundings (cell membrane is synonymous)
161
phosspholipids
plasma membrane is built of this and has three parts
glyceral
phosphate
fatty acids
162
plasma membrane structure
it is a bilayer of phospholipids
phosphate groups point to the outside
fatty acid groups are packed away
163
fatty acid groups
do not mix well with water
164
what do human plasma membrane contain
cholesterol
165
microvilli
small projections on an exposed cell surface that increases surface area similar to cilia
move back and forth in a wavelike pattern
166
flagella
a tail coming out of the cell
| example would be a sperm
167
tight junction
plasma membranes of our neighboring cells are pressed together
168
what are tight junctions for
form a barrier to prevent the movement of molecules between cells
169
desmosomes or anchoring junctions
very durable proteins tie neighboring cells in to one another
170
catherin
proteins that tie plasma membranes cells one to another
171
gap junctions
connected by hallows cylinders called connexons (communicating junctions)
allow neighbor cells to share cytosol
172
selectively permeable
some chemicals pass on their own (non polar pass through on their own)
some do not pass through on their own (polar do not pass through on their own)
173
polar compounds
will not mix with greasy interior of the plasma membrane (fatty acids) they need a transport protein to move polar compounds across PM (channel carrier or pump)
174
passive transport
not driven by chemical energy (ATP) driven by entropy
175
diffusion
molecules or ions move from an area with higher concentration to an area they are lower in concentration
176
how many types of diffusion is there and what do they do
2 simple and facilitated
177
simple diffusion
a nonpolar compound moves through PM on its own
178
facilitated diffusion
a polar compound uses transport protein to cross membrane (never uses ATP)
179
osmosis
passive transfer of water moves to areas of high solute concentration to trapped solutes trapped by plasma membrane
180
hypertonic
more solutes outside the cell than inside
| water rushes out of the cell and cell shrinks
181
hypotonic
fewer solutes outside of the cell than inside
| cell swells up and bursts
182
isotonic
equal amount of solutes inside of cell and outside cell
| no net water flow
183
active transport
driven by chemical energy
always requires ATP
transport protein
can concentrate a substance low to high concentration
