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A&P 1 > A&P ch 1 > Flashcards

A&P ch 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Anatomy

A

Studies the STRUCTURE. Of body parts and their relationships.

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1
Q

What are two key things about anatomy

A

Concrete and can be seen felt and examined closely.

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2
Q

What is microscopic anatomy

A

Too small to be seen with the naked eye.

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4
Q

What is gross anatomy

A

Visible with the naked eye

example - heart, lungs, kidneys etc.

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5
Q

Two types of gross anatomy

A

Systemic anatomy and Regional anatomy

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6
Q

systemic anatomy

A

studies system by system - cardiovascular system you can examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body

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7
Q

regional anatomy

A

all structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc ) - in a particular region of the body such as abdomen or leg

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8
Q

surface anatomy

A

internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

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9
Q

Physiology

A

FUNCTION of the body - how they work and carryout their life sustaining abilities

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10
Q

developmental anatomy

A

Tracks structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan

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11
Q

chemical level

A

atoms combine to form different chemicals

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12
Q

cellular levels

A

cells are built with a large number of molecules

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13
Q

tissue level

A

a collection of similar cell types that perform a common function

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14
Q

organ level

A

a discreet structure composed of multiple tissue types

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15
Q

organ system levels

A

organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

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16
Q

levels of organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems, and organismal levels

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17
Q

organismal level

A

entire individual (you, me etc) the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

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18
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining stable internal conditions - takes energy and effort (ATP) uses feedback mechanisms (negative and positive)

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19
Q

homeostatic balance

A

maintaining keeps you healthy - inbalance is a common cause of disease

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20
Q

organ systems

A

there are eleven organ systems in the human body

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21
Q

integumentary system

A

external body covering (skin, hair, nails, glands) protects our deeper delicate tissues

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22
Q

skeletal system

A

protects and supports the body archer skeletal muscle consists of bones and hips

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23
Q

muscle system

A

allows body movements - with help of bones

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24
Q

muscle skeletal

A

where the muscles attach to the bones (skeletal muscles)

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25
Q

nervous system

A

a major control system of the body

uses electrical signaling to rapidly adjust body process (brain spinal cord and nerves)

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26
Q

cytosol

A

gel like material that fills the cell
mostly water (which is the solvent)
ions, vitamins, enzymes, nutrients etc. are in this liquid (which is the solute)

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27
Q

inclusions

A

chemicals that are no longer dissolved in water

granural storage of a useful compound

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28
Q

examples of inclusions

A

melanin - dark skin pigment (melonocytes)
glycogen - energy storage form of glucose (skeletal, hepotocytes ;live )
lipids - inadipocytes

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29
Q

the internal cell structures

A

cytosol
inclusions
nucleus

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30
Q

nucleus

A

information center of the cell (like a brain)

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31
Q

what is nucleus surrounded by?

A

it’s own phospholipid bilayer called the nuclear envelope

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32
Q

what are the openings in the nuclear envelope called

A

nuclear pores

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33
Q

what are the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope for

A

entry and exit site

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34
Q

what are the dark spots in the nucleus called?

A

nucleolas (singular)

nucleoli (plural)

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35
Q

what are nucleolus for

A

produce pieces of ribosome (RNA)

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36
Q

in the cell

A

largest internal structure

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37
Q

how many nucleus do most cells contain

A

one

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38
Q

what are cells with no nucleus called

A

anucleate (red blood cells/erythrocyte)

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39
Q

what are cells with more than one nucleus called

A

multinucleate

for skeletal muscle or large hard working muscle like the liver etc.

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40
Q

what is an organelle

A

it means little organ that maintain the life of the cell

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41
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein production
very small
not surrounded by its own membrane
composed of two subunits (small and large)

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42
Q

how many ribosomes do cells contain

A

hundreds maybe thousands USUALLY

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43
Q

endocrine system

A

second major control system of the body it uses electrical signals called HORMONES to slowly adjust body processes

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44
Q

pituitary gland

A

sits at the base of the brain (part of endocrine system)

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45
Q

pancreas

A

secretes insulin and glycogan (part of endocrine)

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46
Q

adrenal gland

A

sits a top of kidneys (part of endocrine)

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47
Q

cardiovascualar system

A

composed of the heart and blood vessels

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48
Q

heart

A

pumps blood through out the body

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49
Q

blood vessels

A

carry blood throughout the body

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50
Q

arteries

A

deliver fresh blood to body tissues (oxygenated)

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51
Q

veins

A

drain out blood from body tissues (deoxygenated)

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52
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells that cary oxygen (use hemoglobin to transport 02

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53
Q

lymphatic system

A

collects fluid that is loss from blood vessels and returns fluid to blood vessels and holds most of the immune system

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54
Q

lymph tissues

A

composed of vessels and tissues

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55
Q

lymph vessels

A

filled with a fluid called lymph

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56
Q

organs in the lymphatic system

A

tonsils, lymphnodes, spleen (organs filled with immune cells

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57
Q

respiratory system

A

gas exchange
O2 inhale
CO2 exhale

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58
Q

passageways (bronchi)

A

site of gas exchange

air travels through bronchi to reach alveoli

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59
Q

digestive system

A

breaks down food to absorbable seizes and eliminates indigestibles

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60
Q

stomach

A

hold and partially digests food

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61
Q

small intestine

A

only site where nutrients enter bloodstream

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62
Q

large intestine

A

removes water and electrolytes before defecation

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63
Q

urinary system

A

eliminates chemical waste from body related to exocrine system

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64
Q

kidney

A

removes waste from blood and produce urine

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65
Q

urethra

A

drains urine from bladder

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66
Q

reproductive system

A

produces offspring and differs between men and women

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67
Q

anatomical position

A

body is erect with feet standing slightly apart palms face forward and thumbs away from body

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68
Q

anatomical left

A

left of the subject not my left (it’s like looking at a cadaver laying down

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69
Q

body sections

A

sections in which the human body can be cut

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70
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical cut through body (from front to back) provides a left and a right side

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71
Q

midsaggital cuts

A

exact center of body through nose and umbilicus

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72
Q

frontal plane

A

also called coronal plane vertical cut from side to side produces a front and back

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73
Q

transverse plane

A

or horizontal plane is a horizontal cut that produces a top and bottom

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74
Q

oblique plane

A

any diagonal cut through the body

75
Q

directional terms

A

terms used to describe body structures in relation to another

76
Q

superior vs inferior

A

towards the head and upper part of the body
vs
away from the head and towards the lowest part of the body

77
Q

superor vs inferior examples

A

the nose is superior to the chin

the chin is inferior to the eyes

78
Q

ventral vs dorsal

A

ventral can be anterior which is towards or at the front of the body
vs
dorsal can be posterior towards or at the back of the body

79
Q

ventral vs dorsal examples

A

the buttcheeks are dorsal and inferior to the eyes

80
Q

proximal vs distal

A

(for limbs and shoulders only)
closer to the origin of point of attachment
vs
further away from the origin of attachment

81
Q

proximal vs distal examples

A

upper limb - shoulder-arm-elbow-forearm-wrist-hand-fingers
lower limb-hip-thigh-knee-leg-ankle-foot-toes
the knee is proximal to the foot

82
Q

medial vs lateral vs intermediate

A 
at or toward the middle of the body
vs 
away from midline of the body
vs 
between a more lateral and a more medial structure
83
Q

medial vs lateral vs intermediate examples

A

the nipples are lateral and superior to the umbilicus

84
Q

superficial vs deep

A

at or towards the surface of the body
vs
away from surface of the body

85
Q

superficial vs deep

A

the skin is superficial to the bones

86
Q

regional terms

A

used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions

87
Q

axial

A

main axis of the body - head, neck, trunk -

88
Q

appendicular

A

appendages or limbs attached to the body’s axis

89
Q

nasal

A

nose

90
Q

oral

A

mouth

91
Q

cervical

A

neck

92
Q

acromial

A

point of shoulder

93
Q

axilary

A

armpit

94
Q

abdomial

A

abdomen

95
Q

brachial

A

arm

96
Q

antecubital

A

front of elbow

97
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

98
Q

pelvic

A

pelvis

99
Q

carpal

A

wrist

100
Q

pollex

A

thumb

101
Q

palmar

A

palm

102
Q

digital

A

fingers

103
Q

pubic

A

genital region

104
Q

patellar

A

anterior knee

105
Q

crural

A

leg

106
Q

pedal

A

foot

107
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

108
Q

digital

A

toes

109
Q

otic

A

ear

110
Q

occipital

A

back of hear or base of skull

111
Q

acromial

A

point of shoulder

112
Q

vertebral

A

spinal column

113
Q

scapulator

A

shoulder blade

114
Q

dorsum or dorsal

A

back

115
Q

olecranal

A

back of elbow

116
Q

lumbar

A

loin (lower back)

117
Q

sacral

A

between hips

118
Q

gluteal

A

buttock

119
Q

perineal

A

region between the anus and external genetalia

120
Q

femoral

A

thigh

121
Q

popliteal

A

back of knee

122
Q

sural

A

calf

123
Q

calcaneal

A

hell

124
Q

planar

A

sole

125
Q

lower extremity

A

from butt to feet

126
Q

manus

A

hand

127
Q

upper extremity

A

writsts to shoulders

carpal to acromial

128
Q

cephalic

A

head

129
Q

frontal

A

forehead

130
Q

orbital

A

eye

131
Q

buccal

A

cheek

132
Q

mental

A

chin

133
Q

sternal

A

brestbone

134
Q

thoracis

A

chest

135
Q

mammary

A

breast

136
Q

umbilical

A

navel

137
Q

coxal

A

hip

138
Q

inguinal

A

groin

139
Q

femoral

A

thigh

140
Q

fibular or personeal

A

side of leg

141
Q

hallux

A

great toe

142
Q

major body cavities

A

two large cavities that are closed to the outside contain vital organs

143
Q

dorsal cavity

A

protects the fragile nervous system organs

144
Q

two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity

A

cranial and vertebral
superior and inferior
they hold the central nervous system (brain and spinal-chord

145
Q

ventral cavity

A

two major portions thoracic and abdomen cavity - the diaphragm is a physical boarder between the two

146
Q

thoracics cavity

A

surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest

contains two pleural cavities (each holds a lung)

147
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

line is at eliac crest most important muscle for breathing

148
Q

mitochondria

A

site of most ATP

site of a lot of biochemistry

149
Q

How is ATP produced in mitochondria

A

by oxidizing organize compounds

150
Q

endoplasmic reticulum AKA ER

A

extensive network of flattened membrane sacs

151
Q

how many types of ER are there? and what are they?

A

two types
rough ER
smooth ER

152
Q

rough ER

A

Most common > covered in ribosomes (RNA)

produce proteins that will be released from the cell

153
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes present (involved with lipid synthesis and many additional functions)
can produce new phospholipids detoxify drugs and alcohol, stores calcium

154
Q

golgi apparatus

A

similar in structure to the ER
composed of flattened membrane sacs
acts as “shipping and receiving” center of calluses vesicles to transport products through cell

155
Q

lysosomes

A

small sperical organelles
small pickers of acid and harsh chemicals
garbage can and recycling center of cell

156
Q

digestive enzymes

A 
digest all types of biological macromolecules 
protein
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acid
157
Q

peroxisomes

A

smll spherical organelles filled with enzymes that detoxify

158
Q

cytoskeleton

A

extensive network of proteins extending throughout the cytoplasm

159
Q

how is anatomy different from physiology

A

the study of the body vs how they function

160
Q

plasma membrane

A

a boundary that separated the living cell from its nonliving surroundings (cell membrane is synonymous)

161
Q

phosspholipids

A

plasma membrane is built of this and has three parts
glyceral
phosphate
fatty acids

162
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

it is a bilayer of phospholipids
phosphate groups point to the outside
fatty acid groups are packed away

163
Q

fatty acid groups

A

do not mix well with water

164
Q

what do human plasma membrane contain

A

cholesterol

165
Q

microvilli

A

small projections on an exposed cell surface that increases surface area similar to cilia
move back and forth in a wavelike pattern

166
Q

flagella

A

a tail coming out of the cell

example would be a sperm

167
Q

tight junction

A

plasma membranes of our neighboring cells are pressed together

168
Q

what are tight junctions for

A

form a barrier to prevent the movement of molecules between cells

169
Q

desmosomes or anchoring junctions

A

very durable proteins tie neighboring cells in to one another

170
Q

catherin

A

proteins that tie plasma membranes cells one to another

171
Q

gap junctions

A

connected by hallows cylinders called connexons (communicating junctions)
allow neighbor cells to share cytosol

172
Q

selectively permeable

A

some chemicals pass on their own (non polar pass through on their own)
some do not pass through on their own (polar do not pass through on their own)

173
Q

polar compounds

A

will not mix with greasy interior of the plasma membrane (fatty acids) they need a transport protein to move polar compounds across PM (channel carrier or pump)

174
Q

passive transport

A

not driven by chemical energy (ATP) driven by entropy

175
Q

diffusion

A

molecules or ions move from an area with higher concentration to an area they are lower in concentration

176
Q

how many types of diffusion is there and what do they do

A

2 simple and facilitated

177
Q

simple diffusion

A

a nonpolar compound moves through PM on its own

178
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a polar compound uses transport protein to cross membrane (never uses ATP)

179
Q

osmosis

A

passive transfer of water moves to areas of high solute concentration to trapped solutes trapped by plasma membrane

180
Q

hypertonic

A

more solutes outside the cell than inside

water rushes out of the cell and cell shrinks

181
Q

hypotonic

A

fewer solutes outside of the cell than inside

cell swells up and bursts

182
Q

isotonic

A

equal amount of solutes inside of cell and outside cell

no net water flow

183
Q

active transport

A

driven by chemical energy
always requires ATP
transport protein
can concentrate a substance low to high concentration

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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