A&P ch 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Studies the STRUCTURE. Of body parts and their relationships.
What are two key things about anatomy
Concrete and can be seen felt and examined closely.
What is microscopic anatomy
Too small to be seen with the naked eye.
What is gross anatomy
Visible with the naked eye
example - heart, lungs, kidneys etc.
Two types of gross anatomy
Systemic anatomy and Regional anatomy
systemic anatomy
studies system by system - cardiovascular system you can examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body
regional anatomy
all structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc ) - in a particular region of the body such as abdomen or leg
surface anatomy
internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Physiology
FUNCTION of the body - how they work and carryout their life sustaining abilities
developmental anatomy
Tracks structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan
chemical level
atoms combine to form different chemicals
cellular levels
cells are built with a large number of molecules
tissue level
a collection of similar cell types that perform a common function
organ level
a discreet structure composed of multiple tissue types
organ system levels
organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
levels of organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems, and organismal levels
organismal level
entire individual (you, me etc) the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
homeostasis
maintaining stable internal conditions - takes energy and effort (ATP) uses feedback mechanisms (negative and positive)
homeostatic balance
maintaining keeps you healthy - inbalance is a common cause of disease
organ systems
there are eleven organ systems in the human body
integumentary system
external body covering (skin, hair, nails, glands) protects our deeper delicate tissues
skeletal system
protects and supports the body archer skeletal muscle consists of bones and hips
muscle system
allows body movements - with help of bones
muscle skeletal
where the muscles attach to the bones (skeletal muscles)
nervous system
a major control system of the body
uses electrical signaling to rapidly adjust body process (brain spinal cord and nerves)
cytosol
gel like material that fills the cell
mostly water (which is the solvent)
ions, vitamins, enzymes, nutrients etc. are in this liquid (which is the solute)
inclusions
chemicals that are no longer dissolved in water
granural storage of a useful compound
examples of inclusions
melanin - dark skin pigment (melonocytes)
glycogen - energy storage form of glucose (skeletal, hepotocytes ;live )
lipids - inadipocytes
the internal cell structures
cytosol
inclusions
nucleus
nucleus
information center of the cell (like a brain)
what is nucleus surrounded by?
it’s own phospholipid bilayer called the nuclear envelope
what are the openings in the nuclear envelope called
nuclear pores
what are the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope for
entry and exit site
what are the dark spots in the nucleus called?
nucleolas (singular)
nucleoli (plural)
what are nucleolus for
produce pieces of ribosome (RNA)
in the cell
largest internal structure
how many nucleus do most cells contain
one
what are cells with no nucleus called
anucleate (red blood cells/erythrocyte)
what are cells with more than one nucleus called
multinucleate
for skeletal muscle or large hard working muscle like the liver etc.
what is an organelle
it means little organ that maintain the life of the cell
ribosomes
site of protein production
very small
not surrounded by its own membrane
composed of two subunits (small and large)
how many ribosomes do cells contain
hundreds maybe thousands USUALLY
endocrine system
second major control system of the body it uses electrical signals called HORMONES to slowly adjust body processes
pituitary gland
sits at the base of the brain (part of endocrine system)
pancreas
secretes insulin and glycogan (part of endocrine)
adrenal gland
sits a top of kidneys (part of endocrine)
cardiovascualar system
composed of the heart and blood vessels
heart
pumps blood through out the body
blood vessels
carry blood throughout the body
arteries
deliver fresh blood to body tissues (oxygenated)
veins
drain out blood from body tissues (deoxygenated)
erythrocytes
red blood cells that cary oxygen (use hemoglobin to transport 02
lymphatic system
collects fluid that is loss from blood vessels and returns fluid to blood vessels and holds most of the immune system
lymph tissues
composed of vessels and tissues
lymph vessels
filled with a fluid called lymph
organs in the lymphatic system
tonsils, lymphnodes, spleen (organs filled with immune cells
respiratory system
gas exchange
O2 inhale
CO2 exhale
passageways (bronchi)
site of gas exchange
air travels through bronchi to reach alveoli
digestive system
breaks down food to absorbable seizes and eliminates indigestibles
stomach
hold and partially digests food
small intestine
only site where nutrients enter bloodstream
large intestine
removes water and electrolytes before defecation
urinary system
eliminates chemical waste from body related to exocrine system
kidney
removes waste from blood and produce urine
urethra
drains urine from bladder
reproductive system
produces offspring and differs between men and women
anatomical position
body is erect with feet standing slightly apart palms face forward and thumbs away from body
anatomical left
left of the subject not my left (it’s like looking at a cadaver laying down
body sections
sections in which the human body can be cut
sagittal plane
vertical cut through body (from front to back) provides a left and a right side
midsaggital cuts
exact center of body through nose and umbilicus
frontal plane
also called coronal plane vertical cut from side to side produces a front and back
transverse plane
or horizontal plane is a horizontal cut that produces a top and bottom
oblique plane
any diagonal cut through the body
directional terms
terms used to describe body structures in relation to another
superior vs inferior
towards the head and upper part of the body
vs
away from the head and towards the lowest part of the body
superor vs inferior examples
the nose is superior to the chin
the chin is inferior to the eyes
ventral vs dorsal
ventral can be anterior which is towards or at the front of the body
vs
dorsal can be posterior towards or at the back of the body
ventral vs dorsal examples
the buttcheeks are dorsal and inferior to the eyes
proximal vs distal
(for limbs and shoulders only)
closer to the origin of point of attachment
vs
further away from the origin of attachment
proximal vs distal examples
upper limb - shoulder-arm-elbow-forearm-wrist-hand-fingers
lower limb-hip-thigh-knee-leg-ankle-foot-toes
the knee is proximal to the foot
medial vs lateral vs intermediate
at or toward the middle of the body vs away from midline of the body vs between a more lateral and a more medial structure
medial vs lateral vs intermediate examples
the nipples are lateral and superior to the umbilicus
superficial vs deep
at or towards the surface of the body
vs
away from surface of the body
superficial vs deep
the skin is superficial to the bones
regional terms
used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions
axial
main axis of the body - head, neck, trunk -
appendicular
appendages or limbs attached to the body’s axis
nasal
nose
oral
mouth
cervical
neck
acromial
point of shoulder
axilary
armpit
abdomial
abdomen
brachial
arm
antecubital
front of elbow
antebrachial
forearm
pelvic
pelvis
carpal
wrist
pollex
thumb
palmar
palm
digital
fingers
pubic
genital region
patellar
anterior knee
crural
leg
pedal
foot
tarsal
ankle
digital
toes
otic
ear
occipital
back of hear or base of skull
acromial
point of shoulder
vertebral
spinal column
scapulator
shoulder blade
dorsum or dorsal
back
olecranal
back of elbow
lumbar
loin (lower back)
sacral
between hips
gluteal
buttock
perineal
region between the anus and external genetalia
femoral
thigh
popliteal
back of knee
sural
calf
calcaneal
hell
planar
sole
lower extremity
from butt to feet
manus
hand
upper extremity
writsts to shoulders
carpal to acromial
cephalic
head
frontal
forehead
orbital
eye
buccal
cheek
mental
chin
sternal
brestbone
thoracis
chest
mammary
breast
umbilical
navel
coxal
hip
inguinal
groin
femoral
thigh
fibular or personeal
side of leg
hallux
great toe
major body cavities
two large cavities that are closed to the outside contain vital organs
dorsal cavity
protects the fragile nervous system organs
two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity
cranial and vertebral
superior and inferior
they hold the central nervous system (brain and spinal-chord
ventral cavity
two major portions thoracic and abdomen cavity - the diaphragm is a physical boarder between the two
thoracics cavity
surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest
contains two pleural cavities (each holds a lung)
abdominopelvic cavity
line is at eliac crest most important muscle for breathing
mitochondria
site of most ATP
site of a lot of biochemistry
How is ATP produced in mitochondria
by oxidizing organize compounds
endoplasmic reticulum AKA ER
extensive network of flattened membrane sacs
how many types of ER are there? and what are they?
two types
rough ER
smooth ER
rough ER
Most common > covered in ribosomes (RNA)
produce proteins that will be released from the cell
smooth ER
no ribosomes present (involved with lipid synthesis and many additional functions)
can produce new phospholipids detoxify drugs and alcohol, stores calcium
golgi apparatus
similar in structure to the ER
composed of flattened membrane sacs
acts as “shipping and receiving” center of calluses vesicles to transport products through cell
lysosomes
small sperical organelles
small pickers of acid and harsh chemicals
garbage can and recycling center of cell
digestive enzymes
digest all types of biological macromolecules protein carbohydrates lipids nucleic acid
peroxisomes
smll spherical organelles filled with enzymes that detoxify
cytoskeleton
extensive network of proteins extending throughout the cytoplasm
how is anatomy different from physiology
the study of the body vs how they function
plasma membrane
a boundary that separated the living cell from its nonliving surroundings (cell membrane is synonymous)
phosspholipids
plasma membrane is built of this and has three parts
glyceral
phosphate
fatty acids
plasma membrane structure
it is a bilayer of phospholipids
phosphate groups point to the outside
fatty acid groups are packed away
fatty acid groups
do not mix well with water
what do human plasma membrane contain
cholesterol
microvilli
small projections on an exposed cell surface that increases surface area similar to cilia
move back and forth in a wavelike pattern
flagella
a tail coming out of the cell
example would be a sperm
tight junction
plasma membranes of our neighboring cells are pressed together
what are tight junctions for
form a barrier to prevent the movement of molecules between cells
desmosomes or anchoring junctions
very durable proteins tie neighboring cells in to one another
catherin
proteins that tie plasma membranes cells one to another
gap junctions
connected by hallows cylinders called connexons (communicating junctions)
allow neighbor cells to share cytosol
selectively permeable
some chemicals pass on their own (non polar pass through on their own)
some do not pass through on their own (polar do not pass through on their own)
polar compounds
will not mix with greasy interior of the plasma membrane (fatty acids) they need a transport protein to move polar compounds across PM (channel carrier or pump)
passive transport
not driven by chemical energy (ATP) driven by entropy
diffusion
molecules or ions move from an area with higher concentration to an area they are lower in concentration
how many types of diffusion is there and what do they do
2 simple and facilitated
simple diffusion
a nonpolar compound moves through PM on its own
facilitated diffusion
a polar compound uses transport protein to cross membrane (never uses ATP)
osmosis
passive transfer of water moves to areas of high solute concentration to trapped solutes trapped by plasma membrane
hypertonic
more solutes outside the cell than inside
water rushes out of the cell and cell shrinks
hypotonic
fewer solutes outside of the cell than inside
cell swells up and bursts
isotonic
equal amount of solutes inside of cell and outside cell
no net water flow
active transport
driven by chemical energy
always requires ATP
transport protein
can concentrate a substance low to high concentration
