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A&P 1 > A&P Exam 2 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

tissues

A

a tissue is a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

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2
Q

how many types of tissues are there

A

there are 4 primary types of tissues

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3
Q

what are the 4 primary type of tissues

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

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4
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

covering tissues

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5
Q

what is connective tissue

A

for support (variety)

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6
Q

what is muscle tissue

A

for movement

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7
Q

what is nervous tissue

A

for control

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8
Q

epithelial tissue

A

an epithelium is a sheet of cells that covers the body surface or lines a body cavity

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of epithelia

A

high capacity for repair and regeneration
is a vascular - no blood vessels in it
is innervated - served by neurons
dense cell packing - tissue contains many cells little room left for extracellular matrix
cells are joined by tight junctions and desmosomes
cells are usually polar in shape

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10
Q

classification of epithelia

A

each epithelium is given two names based on the number f cell layers and the shape of its cells

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11
Q

what are the two names epithelia is classified by

A

number of layers
and
cell shape

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12
Q

simple epithelia

A

one cell thick

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13
Q

stratified epithelia

A

two or more cell layers

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14
Q

cell shape

A

shape of nucleus is similar to cell shape

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15
Q

squamus

A

flat

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16
Q

cubadal

A

boxlike

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17
Q

collumnar

A

tall

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18
Q

stratified squamus

A

stratified tissues composed of different shapes but the name is based on superficial layer

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19
Q

how many types of epithelia are there

A

3
general types
pseudo stratified epithelium
transitional epithelium

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20
Q

6 general types of epithelia

A 
simple squamus
simple cubodial
simple columnar
stratified squamus
stratified cuboidal
stratified columnar
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21
Q

simple squamus

A

single layer of flattened cells

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22
Q

simple cubodial

A

single layer of boxlike cells

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23
Q

simple collumnar

A

single layer of tall cells

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24
Q

stratified squamus

A

multiple layer (flat cells at least on top layer)

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25
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

multiple layer (top layer at least is box like0

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26
Q

stratified collumnar

A

multiple layers (at least top layer is tall)

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27
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

cells originate from a single layer, but are different heights
so it’s only one layer but it seems like more than one because of this
(only tallest cells have cilia)

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28
Q

transitional epithelium

A

round cells that can stretch and flatten
cells are present stratified
only found in urinary system

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29
Q

glandular epithelia

A

specialized cells that are not used as part of covering or boundary

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30
Q

gland

A

produces and exports (secreted) a particular compound (different sizes of glands)

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31
Q

unicellular gland

A

one secreting cell found in an epithelial sheet

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32
Q

multicellular gland

A

large descrete structure built with many cells

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33
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete product on to thee surface of the body

are more numerous than endocrine glands

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34
Q

how many major parts does the exocrine glands have

A

two secratory unit and duct

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35
Q

secratory unit

A

makes product of interest

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36
Q

duct

A

hallow passageway that carries product to surface

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37
Q

examples of exocrine glands

A

tears - mucus - sweat - oil - bile - saliva

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38
Q

unicellular exocrine gland

A

produce mucus

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39
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete in to the body and ends up in the blood

do not have ducts (ductless glands)

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40
Q

release of product

A

two possible choices for release of secretion
continuously release product as it is formed
can accumulate product until gland bursts open

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41
Q

merocrine gland

A

salivary and sweat etc

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42
Q

holocrine gland / sebaceous gland

A

exocrine glands that secrete and oily or wavy matter

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43
Q

Where is connective tissue found

A

fills the spaces in the body between other major tissue types

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44
Q

4 major classes of connective tissue

A

bone
cartilage
blood
connective tissue proper

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45
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

all connective tissue share a common origin
most common type of tissue in the body
low cell density
mostly matrix of nonliving extracellular material

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46
Q

embryonic tissue - mesenchyme

A

common origin of all connective tissue

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47
Q

structural elements of connective tissue

A

all tissues are composed of cell and extracellular material

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48
Q

extracellular material

A

is a mix of ground substance and protein fibers

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49
Q

osteocytes

A

cells in bone

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50
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells in cartilage

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51
Q

blood

A

leykocytes (WBC) eythrocytes (RBC)

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52
Q

cells in proper - fibrocytes

A

general cells no special function

found in scar tissue

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53
Q

ground substance

A

name for the unstructured material that fills the space between cells

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54
Q

three major components of ground substance

A 
interstitial fluid (water)
adhesion proteins (small sticky proteins)
proteologycans (protein cores with many sugar groups
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55
Q

fibers

A

strandlike proteins for structural support

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56
Q

elastin fibres

A

made from elastin thin and stretchy

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57
Q

collagen fibres

A

thick called collagen fibers

thin called reticular fibers

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58
Q

connective tissue proper

A

can be divided into loose and dense connective tissues

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59
Q

loose tissues

A

mostly composed of ground substance
can hold a variety of cell types
soft packing tissues

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60
Q

loose tissues examples

A

areolar and adipose

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61
Q

how many types of loose tissue does the body contain

and what are they and what for

A

two
white adipose tissue holds fat for long term storage
brown adipose tissues burn fat to produce body heat

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62
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin - forms our outer covering

only dry membrane in body

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63
Q

moccus membranes

also called mucosae

A 
line body cavities that are open tooth outside
-> respiratory tract
-> gastrointestinal tract
-> eurogenital tract
wet membranes covered in mucus
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64
Q

Dense tissues

A

Mostly composed of protein fibers
Very mechanically resistant tissues
Mostly made of collagen

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64
Q

Dense tissues

A

Mostly composed of protein fibers
Very mechanically resistant tissues
Mostly made of collage.

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65
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Fibers run parallel

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66
Q

Dense regular connective tissue examples

A

Tendons and ligaments

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68
Q

Dense irregular tissue

A

Fibers run in all directions and form a sac or a sheet

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69
Q

how much does the skin weigh

A

for an average adult it is 10 lbs

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70
Q

what are the functions of skin

A

protects underlying delicate tissues (chemical, physical, and biological barrier)
prevents dehydration
aids in heat loss
part of the process that activates vitamin D

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71
Q

what is the structure of the skin

A

it is composed of two major layers

epidermis and the dermis

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72
Q

epidermis

A

superficial portion of the skin

epithelial layer - stratified squamous epithelium

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73
Q

dermis

A

deeper portion of the skin

connective tissue layer - dense connective tissue

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74
Q

hypodermis

A

it is beneath the skin
not part of the skin
loose connective tissue mostly adipose

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75
Q

what is hypodermis connective tissue mostly made of

A

adipose tissue

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76
Q

thin skin

A

found over most of the body

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77
Q

how many layers of thin skin is there

A

4 epidermal layers

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78
Q

thick skin

A

found on the palms and soles of feet and hairless

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79
Q

how many layers of thick skin is there

A

5 epidermal layers

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80
Q

stratum basale

A

deepest layer of the epidermis
single layer of cells
cells in this layer undergo constant mitosis
producing new skin cells

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81
Q

how is new skin produced

A

older cells are pushed superficially (towards the surface of the skin)

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82
Q

stratum spinosum

A

Layer above the stratum basale Several cell layers thick of the epidermis
keratinocytes are filling intermediate filaments made of keratin -> cells start to look prickly

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83
Q

stratum granulosum

A

4-6 cell layers above the stratum spinosum

at this layer the morphology of keratinocytes change drastically - cells accumulate granules (helps to form keratin)

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84
Q

what forms when keratinocytes granule

A

keratin

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85
Q

what happens when keratinocytes change drastically

A

organelles disintegrate
cells flatten
plasma membrane thickens

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86
Q

what happens to cells at the stratum granulosum layer of skin

A

cells are avascular and starve to death due to being pushed too far away from dermis

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87
Q

stratum lucidum

A

additional layer found only in thick skin above the stratum granulosum
2-3 rows of cell layers thick

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88
Q

stratum corneum

A

most superficial layer of epidermis
20 to 30 cells thick
scale like remnants of keratinocytes called horny cells

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89
Q

what are keratinocytes in stratum corneum called

A

horny cells

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90
Q

What are keratinocytes

A

Produce keratin
Helps give the epidermis it’s protective properties
Tightly connected cells by desmosomes
most common epidermal cell
At the surface of the skin they are dead cells

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91
Q

where are keratinocytes produced

A

at the stratum basal (deepest layer of the skin)

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92
Q

how many keratinocytes are lost daily

A

millions of dead cells are lost daily

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93
Q

why are keratinocytes produced

A

they are produced in heavy wear areas in response to friction

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94
Q

What do melanocytes look like

A

spider shaped cells

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95
Q

where are melanocytes found

A

only in stratum basal

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96
Q

what is melanin for

A

color of skin

protects keratinocytes in the skin from UV radiation

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97
Q

what can UV radiation do

A

damage DNA

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98
Q

where does UV radiation come from

A

sunlight

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99
Q

what does melanin do to protect from UV radiation

A

absorbs and dissipates the energy so no damage occurs

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100
Q

what increases melanin production

A

constant UV exposure

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101
Q

langerhan’s cell

A

Aka dendric cells
immune cells that migrate to the epidermis
engulfs and destroys foreign substances

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102
Q

where are langerhan’s cells found

A

mostly in stratum spinosum

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103
Q

markel cells

A

Aka tactile cells
associated with a free nerve ending
Present at the epidermal-dermal junction

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104
Q

markel disc

A

sensory receptor for touch

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105
Q

where is a markel disc found

A

at the junction of epidermis and dermis

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106
Q

how many layers is the dermis composed of

A

two

Papillary and reticular layers

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107
Q

what kind of tissue is the dermis

A

Strong flexible connective tissue

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108
Q

papillary layer

A

superficial layer of the dermis

thin layer of areolar connective tissue (loose)

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109
Q

what does papillary layer produce

A

projections called dermal papillae

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110
Q

what does dermal papillae do

A

pushes epidermis upward to form epidermal ridges for palms and soles of feet

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111
Q

what are epidermal ridges good for

A

increase gripping ability

form fingerprints that are unique to each individual

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112
Q

reticular layer

A

deepest layer of the dermis

thick layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

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113
Q

what does reticular layer contain

A

accessory structures of skin like hair follicles and glands

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114
Q

what reasons can reticular layer be overstretched and or torn

A

pregnancy
excess body weight
stress pains

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115
Q

striae

A

stretch marks

light scarring produced from reticular layer

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116
Q

Different name for hypodermis

A

also called the superficial fascia

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117
Q

where is the hypodermic located

A

beneath the skin

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118
Q

what type of tissue is hypodermis

A

loose connective tissue

adipose tissue

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119
Q

what are the functions of the hypodermis

A

anchors skin
acts as a shock absorber
allows skin to slide
insulates agains heat loss

120
Q

what does hypodermis become with age

A

thicker and accumulates weight

121
Q

pigments

A

three pigments contribute to skin color

122
Q

melanin colors

A

ranges from reddish-yellow to brownish-black

123
Q

who produces more melanin

A

darker people

124
Q

why do darker people produce more melanin

A

due to a darker melanin or melanin that lasts longer

125
Q

what are moles or freckles due to

A

localized accumulation of melanin

126
Q

carotene colors

A

range from yellow to orange

127
Q

where is carotene found

A

pigment is found in vegetables (food)

most obviously found in palms and soles of feet

128
Q

hemoglobin color

A

red pigment

129
Q

where is hemoglobin found

A

erythrocytes / red blood cells

130
Q

What is hemoglobin for

A

is 02 transporter protein

131
Q

how does hemoglobin work

A

blood flows to the skin and adds pinking color

132
Q

who is hemoglobin more common in

A

pale individuals

133
Q

skin color disorders

A 
reddness
pallow
jaundice
cyanosis 
vitiligo
134
Q

redness

A

also known as erythema

skin is flushed with blood

135
Q

what is erythema due to

A

anger or embarrassment or inflammation

136
Q

pallor

A

also known as blanching

skin is pale due to low blood content

137
Q

when does pallor or blanching occur

A

during periods of intense emotions like fear or shock

138
Q

jaundice

A

also known as yellow cast

due to accumulation of toxic pigment bilirubin

139
Q

when does jaundice occur

A

when there is a liver dysfunction

140
Q

cyanosis color and reason

A

bluing

blood in skin is poorly oxygenated

141
Q

vitiligo

A

true skin pigmentation disorder

142
Q

what is vitiligo due to

A

loss of melanocytes

143
Q

what does vitiligo cause

A

uneven coloration of skin - forms light spots of unpigmented skin

144
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

most numerous typed of sweat glands
coiled tubular glands
Aka merocrine glands

145
Q

what product do eccrine sweat glands produce

A

hypotonic
99% water
evaporates to cool the body

146
Q

eccrine sweat glands are found all over the body except

A

red margin of lips
areolas (nipples)
hairless part of genitals

147
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

larger than eccrine sweat glands

148
Q

what do apocrine sweat glands produce

A

viscous, milky, yellowish sweat

metabolized to produce body odor

149
Q

where are apocrine sweat glands found

A

axillary region and anogenital region

150
Q

when do apocrine sweat glands become active

A

during puberty

151
Q

what are apocrine sweat glands stimulated by

A

stress pain or sexual arousal

152
Q

ceruminous glands

A

modified apocrine glands only found along the external ear canal

153
Q

what do ceruminous glands produce

A

sticky, yellow, bitter, waxy substance called cerumen

154
Q

what is cerumen

A

earwax

155
Q

mammary glands

A

specialized sweat glands in breast tissue

156
Q

what can mammary glands secrete

A

milk

157
Q

oil glands

A

also called sebaceous glands

158
Q

what do oil glands produce

A

sebum

mix of lipids and dead cell fragments

159
Q

where is sebum released to

A

hair follicles or onto the skin

160
Q

what does sebum do

A

softens and lubricates skin and hair

161
Q

Flexure lines

A

Reticular layer folds instead of slides

161
Q

Flexure lines

A

Reticular layer folds instead of slides

163
Q

Why does skin fold instead of slide in reticular layer

A

Due to dermis more firmly attached

164
Q

hair follicles

A

deep end of hair follicle expands to form hair bulb

165
Q

hair matrix

A

cells divide to produce new hair

166
Q

hair follicle receptor

A

a knot sensory nerve endings associated with hair follicles

167
Q

arrector pili

A

bundles of smooth muscle associated with hair follicles

168
Q

what do arrector pili do

A

pull on hair follicle to make hair stand up when fearful or cold
produces goosebumps in skin

169
Q

burns

A

tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, radiation, chemicals, or cold

170
Q

initial short term danger in burns

A

fluid and electrolyte loss

171
Q

long term danger in burns or prolonged

A

immune suppression and infections

172
Q

rule of nines

A

system estimates body damage from burn

173
Q

rule of nines numbers

A 
head and neck 9%
each arm 9% x 2 = 18%
each leg is 18% x 2 = 36%
body trunk is 36% 
perineum 1%
all totals to 100%
174
Q

first degree burn

A

only epidermis is damaged

175
Q

second degree burn

A

epidermis and upper (superior) portion of dermis is damaged

176
Q

what can second degree burns cause

A

epidermis and dermis separation

can form a fluid filled pocket called blisters

177
Q

third degree burn

A

all epidermis and dermis is damaged

178
Q

what is a third degree burn called

A

whole thickness

179
Q

why are third degree burn areas pain free

A

neurons are all dead in area

180
Q

skin cancer

A

overexposure to UV radiation (sunlight) damages DNA of skin cells

181
Q

UV radiation mutations

A

is damage to DNA

182
Q

P53

A

can inactivate tumor suppressor gene

183
Q

sunburn skin

A

produces protein Fas

causes damaged cells to eliminate themselves and potentially cancerous cells

184
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

cells of stratum basal proliferate

begin to move down to the dermis and hypodermis

185
Q

what is the most common type of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma

186
Q

what is the least malignant type of cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma

187
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

grows rapidly and can metastasize if not removed

spread to other part of body

188
Q

melanoma

A

melanocytes proliferate

  • produce dark irregular spots
  • can arise from moles
  • metastasize very easily
189
Q

ABCD rules for identifying melanoma

A

A - asymetry
B - borer irregularity
C - color variability
D - diameter

189
Q

What is the only pigment produced in the skin

A

Melanin

190
Q

What is the hair follicle receptor wrapped around

A

Hair bulb

191
Q

What are hair follicle receptors for

A

To feel when hairs are being bent

192
Q

What does Fas do

A

Eliminates cells on purpose

193
Q

Why does skin peel in sheets

A

To get rid of all the damaged cells that may be cancerous

194
Q

Where is squamous cell carcinoma found

A

In the stratum squanosum

195
Q

What is Function of bones

A

Protect body tissues
Supports body weight - allows us to stand up
Allows body movements - with skeletal muscles
Stores Ca 2+

196
Q

What is the human skeleton composed of.

A

Bone and cartilage

197
Q

Long bone

A

A shaft with knobby ends

Like cartoon or dog bones

198
Q

What kind of bone are limbs

A

Long bones

199
Q

Long bones example

A

Radius, tibia, ulna

200
Q

Short bones

A

Roughly cubed shaped

202
Q

Where are short bones found

A

Carpals and tarsals (wrist and ankles )

203
Q

sesmoid bones

A

short bone that forms in a tendon (example is patella)

204
Q

flat bones

A

flat, thin, and usually curved

205
Q

examples of flat bones

A

parietal temporal and occipital bones

bones in the cranium, ribs, sternum

206
Q

irregular bones

A

vary in shape and size

207
Q

example of irregular bones

A

vertebrae and coxals

208
Q

structure of bone

A

there are several osseous tissues

209
Q

what are the two different bone textures

A

compact bone and spongy bone

210
Q

compact bone

A

structure unit is the osteon composed of central canal surrounded by hallow tubes of collagen

211
Q

what does osteon do

A

carries blood vessels and nerves

212
Q

bone cells

A

osteocytes

occupy open spaces in bone called lacunae

213
Q

what are osteocytes trapped in

A

lacunae

214
Q

canalicoli

A

tentacle like projections gap junctions in which bone cells connect to each other

215
Q

why do bone cells connect to each other through canalicoli

A

to communicate and share nutrients

216
Q

spongy bones

A

not composed of osteons

217
Q

traburculae

A

cell fragments loosely organized in spongy bone and contains osteocytes

218
Q

what are the open spaces between trabecular filled with

A

bone marrow

219
Q

tissue arrangements

A

every bone has compact bone on surface and spongy bone on inside

220
Q

what is the tissue arrangement of short bones

A

a plate of spongy bone surrounded by compact bone called diploe

221
Q

chemical composition of bone

A

extracellular matrix of bone is a combination of organic and inorganic material

222
Q

osteoid

A

produced by osteoblasts
organic component of bone matrix
composed of ground substance and protein fibers

223
Q

hydroxyapitites

A

inorganic compound (unique to bone)
mineral salts like calcium phosphate
deposited around osteoid
makes bone hard (very resistant to mechanical forces)

224
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that forms axis of long bone
thick collar of compact bone
hallow at center

225
Q

madulary cavity

A

hallow center of long bone that holds bone marrow

226
Q

epiphysis

A

two 1 proximal and 1 distal
knobby bone ends
positron contained in a join is covered with a hyaline cartilage

227
Q

epiphyseal line

A

aka metaphysis

228
Q

where is the epiphyseal line at

A

at meeting of diaphysis and epiphysis

remnants of the epiphyseal plate where growth used to occur

229
Q

periosteum

A

white double layer that surrounds external bone surfaces
contains holes called nutrient foramen
anchored by perforating fibers

230
Q

outer layer of periosteum

A

dense irregular connective tissue -> protective sac

231
Q

inner layer of periosteum

A

osteogenic layer -> modified bone

232
Q

what is a nutrient foramen for

A

passageway for blood vessels and herre fibers

233
Q

endosteum

A

a single layered membrane covers internal bone surfaces

only osteogenic layer

234
Q

how many types of bone marrow are there

A

two

235
Q

red bone marrow

A

found in open spaces of spongy bone
deep in epiphysis
contains pluripotent hemotopoietic (adult) stem cells
produces all types of blood cells

236
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

found in medullary cavity of the diaphysis

237
Q

bone physiology

A

bone must maintain itself to remain a viable tissue

238
Q

osteogenesis

A

process of producing new bone

239
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

develops from a flat connective tissue membrane

240
Q

what does intramembranous ossification produce

A

some flat bones like clavicles and bones of cranium

241
Q

endochondral ossification

A

develops from cartilage
responsible for forming all other bones
responsible for long bone growth

242
Q

bone growth in width

A

new bone is secreted on to the surface of old bone

243
Q

why do bones get wider

A

to support more weight

can get wider at any age

244
Q

bone growth in length

A

at the epiphyseal plate a thin layer of cartilage

245
Q

what does older cartilage of the plate do

A

calcifies to become bone

246
Q

when does growth in length stop

A

end of puberty

247
Q

what happens to bone plate at the end of puberty

A

the plate seals shut cartilage becomes bone

248
Q

what is the new name for sealed plate of cartilage

A

epiphyseal

249
Q

bone remodeling

A

over 5% of total bone mass is recycled every week

250
Q

how often is spongy bone replaced

A

every 3 years

251
Q

how often does compact bone replace itself

A

about every 10 years

252
Q

what does bone remodeling prevent

A

it prevents it from becoming old and brittle

253
Q

osteoblasts

A

produce new bone
secrete osteoid
derived from osteogenic cells

254
Q

osteoclasts

A

degrade away old bone
large multinucleate cells derived from bone marrow
secrete HCL and proteoses to digest bones

255
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cell

256
Q

where are osteocytes found

A

in lacunae

257
Q

what do osteocytes do

A

monitor and maintain bone matrix (example of homeostasis)

258
Q

hormones in bone

A

bone mineralization is affected by the amount of calcium levels in the blood

259
Q

two hormones for bone

A

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

260
Q

calcitonin

A

released by thyroid gland

when blood levels are too high

261
Q

what does calcitonin do when blood cels are too high

A

deposists excess calcium in to bones to make stronger more dense bones

262
Q

pth

A

released by parathyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too low

263
Q

what does parathyroid hormone do

A

causes calcium to be removed from bones

it is weaker less dense bones

264
Q

osteomalacia

A

inadequate mineralization of bone

265
Q

what is the issue with osteomalacia

A

lamellae are present but not enough calcium bones are soft and bend due to low dietary calcium and vitamin d

266
Q

riketts

A

osteomalacia in children

more severe due to ongoing growth

267
Q

what does rickets lead to

A

permanent skeletal malformation

268
Q

osteoporosis

A

several diseases where bone removal is faster than bone deposited

269
Q

bone fractures

A

despite their strength, bones can break when exposed to exceptional trauma

270
Q

simple fracture
vs
compound fracture

A

broken bone does not penetrate skin (closed)
vs
bone penetrates skin (open)

271
Q

nondisplaced fracture
vs
displaced fracture

A

broken bone ends retain proper shape of bone (remain in alignment)
vs
broken bone ends are forced out of alignment (must be reduced and realigned)

272
Q

linear fracture
vs
transverse fracture

A

breaks along long axis of bone
vs
perpendicular to long axis

273
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone is broken in to 3 or more pieces

274
Q

spinal fracture

A

excessive twisting

275
Q

depressed fracture

A

piece is pressed inward

276
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete break of bone

277
Q

compression fracture

A

bone is crushed

278
Q

skeletal cartilage

A

a type of loose connective tissue

279
Q

characteristics of cartilage

A 
avascular
aneural
low cell content (protein + ground substance) 
holds A LOT of water
resisten to mechanical forces 
found where flexible material is needed
280
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common type of cartilage in body
extra cellular matrix contain thin collagen fibers
firm cartilage

281
Q

hyaline cartilage examples

A

nasal, respiratory, articular, (found in joints)

282
Q

elastic cartilage

A

elastin fibers

more strong and stretch but less firm

283
Q

elastic cartilage examples

A

external ear

284
Q

fibrocartilage

A

less firm but stronger than hyaline
very resisted to mechanical forces
thicker collagen fibers

285
Q

fibrocartilage examples

A

in joints knee, hip, jaw

285
Q

What are periosteums anchored by

A

Collagen fibers

286
Q

structure of short, irregular and flat bones

A

they share a simple design
thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone
covered by connective tissue membranes

286
Q

What does the osteogenic layer contain

A

Cells that modify bone

287
Q

diploe

A

name of spongy bone in flat bones

287
Q

Why does red bone marrow lose function

A

Due to age

288
Q

What is appositional growth

A

New bone secreted on to the surface of old bone

289
Q

Why does the epiphyseal plate shut

A

Cartilage becomes bone

290
Q

What happens after the epiphyseal plate become bone

A

It becomes the epiphyseal line or metaphysis

291
Q

What causes epiphyseal plate to shut

A

Sex hormones

292
Q

Primary osteoporosis

A

Only seen in older women due to menopause

Osteoblasts begin to lose function

293
Q

Secondary osteoporosis

A

Any other reason for osteoporosis

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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