A&P Exam 3 Anatomy Flashcards
Articulation
Adjustments in the shape of the cavities above the vocal folds (pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity).
Articulators
Structures that effect changes in shape of the cavities above the vocal folds (pharynx, oral cavity, & nasal cavity).
- Can be either mobile or immoble
- Shape vocal tract or provide filter
Source Filter Theory
Voicing is produced by the vocal folds and shaped into sounds by the vocal tract. Changes in the configuration of the vocal tract result in changed resonant characteristics.
Facial Skeleton
Forms framework for organs of mastication, speech, respiration, and muscles of facial expression.
- All bones fused except the mandible
Cranium
Houses and protects brain.
Mandible
Jaw bone. Begins as a paired bone with a symphysis. Fuses early in development to become single bone.

Landmarks of the Mandible
- Mental foramen: small hole on either side
- Alveolar arch: part of the mandible that houses the lower teeth
- Angle: point at which mandible angles upward
- Ramus: flat lateral surface above angle
- Coronoid process: posterior process
- Condylar process: anterior process
- Corpus/Body: lateral mass of bone

Maxillae
- Paired bone that forms upper jaw
- Contributes to formation of roof of mouth, floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity, and floor of orbit
- Each side has a roughly pyramidal shaped body with 4 processes

Landmarks of the Maxillae
- Zygomatic process: attaches to zygomatic bone
- Frontal process: attaches to frontal bone
- Palatine process: attaches to palatine bone (forms posterior of roof of mouth)
- Alveolar process: houses the upper teeth

Nasal bones
Two small oblong plates which form bridge of nose.
- Lie medial to the frontal processes of the maxillae.
- Articulate with frontal bone, maxillae, and other nasal bone.

Palatine bones & landmarks

Small but complex bones that contribute to the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the posterior 1/4 of the hard palate, and the floor of the orbit.
Includes:
- Horizontal Plate
- Perpendicular Plate

Inferior Nasal Conchae
Small, scroll-like bones that make up the inferior-most aspect of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
- Articulates with maxilla, palatine, and ethmoid bones.
- Part of facial skeleton

Vomer
Makes up inferior half of bony nasal septum (separates nasal cavity at midline).
- Articulates with maxillae, palatine, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
- Anterior border articulates with cartilaginous septum

Zygomatic Bones & Landmarks
Cheekbones. Together with zygomatic process of maxilla and temporal bone form zygomatic arch.
- Roughly quadrilateral body with 3 processes: maxillary, temporal, and frontal

Lacrimal Bones
Part of facial skeleton. Form lateral nasal wall and a small portion of the medial orbit.

Ethmoid Bone
Regarded as a cranial bone, but also contributes to facial skeleton.
- Projects down between orbital plates of frontal bone
- Contributes to walls of orbit and nasal cavity

Landmarks of the Ethmoid Bone
- Crista galli: superior projection
- Perpendicular plate: inferior projection that makes up the superior nasal septum
- Cribform plate: separates cranium from nasal cavity
- Conchae (superior and middle)
- Orbital plate: form medial orbit

Sphenoid bone
Cranial bone located at the base of the skull behind the ethmoid and in front of the foramen magnum.
- Looks like a bat with wings
- Articulates with all bones of the crainum and 3 facial bones

Landmarks of the Sphenoid Bone
- Body: center portion
- Lesser wings: smaller superior wings
- Greater wings: larger inferior wings
- Pterygoid plates: inferior projections
- Medial (AKA hamulus)
- Lateral

Frontal Bone & Landmarks
- Forms anterior part of brain case
- Vertical plate contributes to forehead
- Horizontal plate contributes to roof of orbit and nasal cavities
- Landmarks:
- Nasal portion
- Zygomatic process
- Orbital process

Parietal Bones & Landmarks
Form most of rounded roof of cranium
- Articulates with frontal bone at coronal suture
- Joined together at saggital suture
- Articulates with occipital bone at lamboid suture (in the back)

Occipital Bone & Landmarks
Lower and back portion of cranium. Includes:
- Foramen magnum
- Occipital condyles: articulate with superior facets of C1

Temporal Bones
Paired bones forming most of the lateral base and sides of the brain case. Includes squamous, tympanic, petrous, and mastoid portions.

Temporal bone: Squamous portion
Lateral, anterior, superior aspect of bone. Includes:
- external auditory meatus (EAM): bony part of the ear canal
- zygomatic process: attaches to temporal process of zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch



























































