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SPPA 320 > A&P Exam 1 Physiology > Flashcards

A&P Exam 1 Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System

A

The structures involved in the exchange of gases between blood and the external environment. Includes:

  • lungs
  • passageways leading to lungs
  • chest structures responsible for movement of air into and out of the lungs.
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2
Q

Volume Flow Rate

A

The rate at which 1 cc of air moves past a point in 1 second. (cc/sec, LPS)

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3
Q

Resistance

A

In aerodynamics, the opposition offered to the flow of air through a system. The ratio of pressure drop across the length of the system to the volume rate of air flow through it.

  • R=P/V=cm H20/LPS
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4
Q

What does a U-tube manometer measure?

A

Respiratory pressure in cm H20.

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5
Q

Volume

A

The amount of air in a cavity, measured in cc, mL or L.

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6
Q

Capacity

A

Functional combinations of volumes, measured in cc, mL, or L.

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7
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Volume of air exchanged in one cycle (inhale & exhale) during quiet breathing.

  • 0.5 - 0.75 L
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8
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Max. amount of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration.

  • 2.5 L
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9
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

AKA Resting Lung Volume. Max. amount of air that can be exhaled following passive tidal expiration.

  • 1.0 L
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10
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration, due to the lungs being stretched.

  • 1.1 L
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11
Q

“Dead air”

A

Residual Volume + air remaining in the airway passages.

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12
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after maximum expiration. This is the capacity available for speech.

  • VC = IRV + TV + ERV
  • 4.0 L
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13
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

Volume of air remaining after passive exhalation

  • FRC = ERV + RV
  • 2.1 L
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14
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

Volume of air in lungs and airway after max. inspiration. All of the volumes together.

  • TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV
  • 5.1 L
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15
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired from RLV

  • IC = TV + IRV
  • 3.0 L
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16
Q

Pressure

A

Force per unit of area (cm H2O)

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17
Q

Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)

A

The pressure on the surface of the earth. A constant that we call 0. We compare everything else to this.

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18
Q

Intraoral pressure (Pm)

A

Pressure in the mouth.

19
Q

Subglottal pressure (Ps)

A

Pressure below the vocal folds.

20
Q

Alveolar pressure (Pal)

A

Pressure in the lungs.

21
Q

Intrapleural pressure (Ppl)

A

Pressure between parietal and visceral pleura. Always negative.

22
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume, with temperature constant.

23
Q

Newton’s Law

A

An unbalanced force acting on any body (solid, liquid, gas) will cause acceleration.

  • Air will flow from regions of high to low pressure
  • The volume of air flow will be proportional to the difference between the two pressure regions
24
Q

Respiratory pressures at rest

A
25
Q

Respiratory pressures at inhalation

A
26
Q

Respiratory pressures at exhalation

A
27
Q

Alveolar pressure during tidal expiration

A

+2 cm H20

28
Q

Alveolar pressure during tidal inspiration

A

-2 cm H20

29
Q

Lung-Thorax Unit and Resting Lung Volume (RLV)

A

When lungs and thorax are connected, lungs are somewhat expanded relative to disconnected state, while thorax is somewhat compressed relative to disconnected state. This represents resting volume (RV).

30
Q

Volume, air flow, & pressure relationships during respiration:

A
31
Q

What happens with intraoral, subglottal and alveolar pressure during speech production?

A
  • When vocal folds are open, Ps = Pm = Pal.
  • When vocal folds are closed, the blockage causes an increase in Ps (lungs continue expiration) and a decrease in Pm (near Patm)
    • If this increased pressure difference exceeds 3-5 cm H20, the vocal folds will be blown open.
32
Q

What percentage of our vital capacity do we use during different types of speech?

A
  • Conversational speech: 35-60% VC
  • Loud speech: 80% VC
  • (TV: about 10% VC)
33
Q

Passive Forces: Gravity

A

Will result in potential energy (energy of position) being converted to kinetic energy (energy of motion).

  • Pulls ribs back to rest position after inhalation
34
Q

Passive Forces: Elasticity

A

Lungs are elastic, and expand when rib cage expands. They more they are stretched, the more recoil there is when the muscles that expand the rib cage relax.

35
Q

Relaxation pressure curve

A

Plots alveolar pressure generated by recoil forces vs. % vital capacity.

  • At higher VC, greater recoil forces are trying to return the stretched lungs to rest, generating positive pressure
  • At 38% VC (RLV), Patm = Palv produced by recoil forces, so no pressure is generated
  • At lower VC, the chest wall is attempting to return to rest, generating negative pressure.
36
Q

How does the relaxation pressure curve relate to sustained phonation?

A

Palv required is constant.

  • A: recoil pressures are > pressure needed, so muscles of inhalation “brake” the thorax to slow air flow
  • B: Palv = pressure needed for utterance
  • C: recoil pressures are < pressure needed, so muscles of exhalation work to squeeze out extra air and maintain pressure
37
Q

How does the addition of active muscular effort change the relaxation pressure curve?

A
  • Pi = pressure from muscles of inspiration
  • Pr = pressure from relaxation of musclues of inspiration and expiration
  • Pe = pressure from muscles of expiration
38
Q

How does the pressure volume relationship change at different levels of speech (soft, normal, loud)?

A
  • 1: for a soft utterance, more inspiratory muscle effort is required and less expiratory muscle effort is required relative to normal (2)
  • 3: for a loud utterance, less inspiratory muscle effort is required and more expiratory muscle effort is required relative to normal (2)
39
Q

Muscle activity during a sustained utterance

A

Negative muscular pressure is inspiratory muscle effort; positive muscular pressure is expiratory muscle effort.

40
Q

How does posture (upright vs. supine) affect speech?

A
  • Sitting/standing upright: gravity acts in expiratory direction on rib cage, inspiratory direction on abdomen
  • Supine: gravity pulls abdomen toward spine and further distends the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity
    • Neither inspiration nore expiration is assisted
    • Use accessory muscles
41
Q

How does the timing of respiration differ between quiet breathing and speech breathing?

A
  • Quiet:
    • 12+ times/minute
    • expirations slightly > inspirations
  • Speech breathing:
    • frequency of breathing decreases
    • inspiration more abrupt
    • expiration lengthened
42
Q

How do passive and active forces work to help us during connected speech?

A
  • Rapid changes in demand for muscle effort.
  • Pulsatile variations in muscle effort are overlaid on the usual background level of alveolar pressure for steady state utterances.
43
Q

How do changes in compliance affect the relaxation pressure curve?

A
  • Excessive compliance: lungs stretch too far and don’t recoil as efficiently. Have to force exhale to reach adequate pressure
  • Loss of compliance: lungs don’t stretch far enough and elastic recoil is increased, which reduces vital capacity. Have to frequently pause during speech to inhale.

SPPA 320 (7 decks)

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