A&P Exam 1 Anatomy Flashcards
What does anatomical position look like?
Body standing erect, facing observer. Arms at side with palms facing forward.
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Planes of reference: Frontal (Coronal)
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Planes of Reference: Transverse (Horizontal)
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Planes of reference: Median (Sagittal)
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Anterior
Front AKA ventral
Posterior
Back AKA dorsal
Medially
Toward the center OPPOSITE of laterally
Laterally
Toward the side OPPOSITE of medially
Superior
Above OPPOSITE of inferior AKA cranially
Inferior
Below OPPOSITE of superior AKA caudally
Abduct
To move apart
Adduct
To come together
Proximal
Towards the root/origin OPPOSITE of distal
Distal
Away from the root/origin OPPOSITE of proximal
Superficial
Towards the surface AKA external
Deep
Away from the surface AKA internal
Prone position
On the belly
Supine position
On the back
Place in order from simplest to most complex: Cell, Organ, Region, System, Tissues
Cell, Tissues, Organ, System, Region
What is an organ?
A structure that has two or more tissues.
What is a system?
Two or more organs that function together. We focus on: muscular, skeletal, respiratory, digestive, & nervous.
What is a region?
Different area of the body containing one or more organs.
What are the 4 systems that facilitate speech?
Respiratory (lung support) Phonatory (voicing) Articulatory (speech sounds shaped) Resonatory (resonance of air in nasal cavity; contributes to speech sounds)
What are the 4 basic types of elementary tissues?
Epithelial Nervous Muscular Connective
Epithelial tissue
Superficial, outer layer. Forms sheet that covers external surface of body, lines tubes or passages to exterior, and lines interior body cavities; includes skin, mucous membranes
Nervous tissue
Communicating tissues that transfer information. Includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Muscular tissue
Specialized contractile tissue; includes striated (skeletal), smooth (internal organs), and cardiac.
Connective tissue
Connect or bind structures together, support body, and aid in body maintenance.
Connective tissue: Areolar/adispose
Loose; connects muscles and organs.
Connective tissue: Fibrous
AKA dense Closely packed fibers. Includes white/fibrous (connects bones) and yellow/elastic (returns to its original shape)
Connective tissue: Lymphoid
Includes tonsils, adenoids, and lymphatic nodes
Connective tissue: Bone
Hardest connective tissue; rigid.
Connective tissue: Cartilage
Firm and flexible; includes many types…
Connective tissue: Cartilage: Hyaline
Smooth; articulating (touching) surfaces of bones. Includes larynx, trachea, bronchial passageway.
Connective tissue: Cartilage: Fibrocartilage
Dense, white, flexible, and acts as a shock absorber. Smooth surface for gliding that is found between spinal disks and surfaces of knee joints.
Connective tissue: Cartilage: Yellow (elastic)
Includes pinna, epiglottis. Are stretchable and will return to original shape.
Connective tissue: Cartilage: Tendons
Attach MUSCLE to bones, cartilage, or other muscles. Non elastic.
Connective tissue: Cartilage: Ligaments
little stretchy, great for tension; joins bone to bone, bone to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage
Connective tissue: Cartilage: Fasciae
All remaining tissue; a sheet like membrane that surrounds organs.
Roughly how many bones are in the human skeleton?
206
Skeleton: Axial
Vertebral column, skull, hyoid bone, and rib cage.
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Skeleton: Appendicular
Bones of pectoral and pelvic girdle (arms and legs)
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Elevation or depression: Condyle
Elevation. Rounded, knucklelike process that articulates with other bones.
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Elevation or depression: crest
Elevation. Prominent ridge
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Elevation or depression: head
Elevation. Enlargement @ one end of a bone.
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Elevation or depression: Process
Elevation. Bony prominence.
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Elevation or depression: spine
Elevation. Sharp projection.
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Elevation or depression: tubercle
Elevation. Small rounded projection.
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Elevation or depression: Tuberosity
Elevation. Large rounded projection. Example: heel bone
Elevation or depression: fissure
Depression. Cleft or deep groove.
Elevation or depression: foramen
Depression. Opening or hole on bone.
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Elevation or depression: fossa
Depression. Pit or hollow.
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Elevation or depression: meatus
Depression. Tube or passageway. Example: ear canal.
Elevation or depression: sinus
Depression. Cavity within bone.
Elevation or depression: suculus
Depression. Groove or furrow.
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Facet
AKA articular surface; surface of a bone that communicates with another bone.
Synovial joint
Joint with high movement/mobility.
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Cartilaginous joint
Joint with limited mobility.
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Fibrous joint
Joint with no mobility
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The torso consists of…
Vertebral column + rib cage + pelvis
Cervical vertebrae
Uppermost; 7 vertebrae; concave.
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Thoracic vertebrae
12 vertebrae; between cervical & lumbar (middle); convex.
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Lumbar vertebrae
5 vertebrae; lower back area (between thoracic and sacral); concave.
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Sacral vertebrae
5 vertebrae; between lumbar and cocyx; convex.
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Cocyx
Fused vertebrae; lowest section (tail bone).
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Kyphosis
Increased convexity of thoracic curve (may inhibit rib cage movement)
Lordosis
Increased concavity in lumbar region (due to poor posture).
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral (side to side) curvature.
Cervical vertebrae: body/corpus
Hold majority of weight.
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Cervical vertebrae: spinous process
Posterior projection; bones you can feel.
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Cervical vertebrae: transverse process
Lateral projections.
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Cervical vertebrae: transverse foramen
Opening in transverse process that spinal nerves pass through (only in cervical).
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Cervical vertebrae: vertebral foramen
Large opening in middle that spinal cord passes through.
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Cervical vertebrae: superior/inferior articular facets
Points where vertebrae are stacked on top of one another.
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Cervical vertebrae: atlas
C1; first cervical vertebrae that supports the skull.
Cervical vertebrae: axis
C2; second cervical vertebrae; forms pivot around which skull & C1 can rotate.
Thoracic vertebrae: body
Quite large since it supports a lot of weight
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Thoracic vertebrae: superior/inferior costal facets
Where ribs attach to vertebrae.
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Thoracic vertebrae: vertebral foramen
Hole for spinal cord.
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Thoracic vertebrae: superior/inferior articular facets
Stacking points.
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Sternum: manubrium
Superior border forms suprasternal (above) notch, lateral to which is articulatory facet for clavicle, just below this is depression for articulation with first rib.
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Sternum: body
2nd rib attaches at junction with manubrium, lateral borders marked by depressions for articulation with ribs 2-7.
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Sternum: xiphoid process
Bottom tip.
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True ribs
1-7; connected to sternum by cartilage that attaches directly to it.
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False ribs
8-10; attach via cartilage that swings superiorly and connects to cartilage above it.
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Floating ribs
11-12; only articulate with vertebral column.
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Shape of the ribs
Head: proximal to vertebrae Angle: lateral curvature Shaft: broad part w/ soft angle that attaches to costal cartilage.
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What are the purposes/functions of the ribs?
- Movement: they have to move so we can breathe 2. Protection: bony protective structure for organs inside
Course of the ribs.
Course inferiorly & laterally (lateral view)
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What 3 ways does the thoracic cavity move during inhalation?
- Vertical dimension: diaphragm contraction Transverse dimension: 2. Lateral: elevation of curved ribs (move out to the side) 3. Anterio Posterior: sternum moving out
Pelvic girdle: Ilium
Large fanning bones on either side; includes iliac crest.
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Pelvic girdle: Ischium
Absorbs weight of body when sitting up straight.
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Pelvic girdle: Pubis
2 bones meet at pubic symphsis
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Pectoral girdle
Connects upper limbs to torso.
Pectoral girdle: Clavicle (collarbone)
Projects scapula far enough laterally to clear chest wall; sometimes broken in delivery.
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Pectoral girdle: Scapula
(Shoulder blade) Only attachment to skeleton is via clavicle and humerus.
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Which structures make up the respiratory passage?
Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
What are the 2 responsibilities of the respiratory system?
- Safety: breathing to keep us alive; nasal passages filter air we breathe in 2. Speech: can’t speak w/o the respiratory system
How big is the trachea? Where is it?
4” long and 1” in diameter. Goes from larynx (C6) to bronchi (T5). Shares posterior wall with the esophagus.
What is the structure of the trachea?
Lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with larynx above and bronchi below. Made up of a number of horseshoe shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that are open in the back (to allow for flexibility for large inhalations).
Bronchi
Extend from trachea to lungs. Branch out to form bronchial tree, which divides into secondary & tertiary bronchi. Final division gives rise to bronchioles.
Bronchioles
Final division of bronchi that terminate as alveoli.
Alveoli
Small (around 1/4 mm diameter). 300 million in mature lung. Supplied with blood for gas exchange with capillaries (give O2, take CO2)
Lungs
Irregular shaped cones of spongy, porous elastic material.
Lobes of the lung
Left: upper, lower, & mediastium: space created for the heart Right: upper, middle, & Lower
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Parietal pleura
Inner surface of thoracic cavity, including diaphragm.
Visceral pleura
Outer surface of the lungs.
Intrapleural space
Fluid filled negative pressure region between parietal and visceral pleura. Fluid also provides frictionless surface between lungs & thorax.
Diaphragm
Dome shaped structure of muscle and tendon that looks like an inverted bowl. Divides thorax and abdomen. Center consists of thin, flat central tendon.
Aponeurosis
Diaphragm is example; a sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheetlike muscles having a wide area of attachment.
How does the muscular diaphragm work?
Attaches to central tendon and is divided into 3 portions. When contracted, muscle fibers pull central tendon down and forward.
Muscular diaphragm: sternal portion
- Origin: lower & back border of xiphoid process
- Course: superior & medial
- Insert: central tendon
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Muscular diaphragm: costal portion
- Origin: lower border/inferior surface of ribs 7-12
- Course: superior & medial
- Insert: central tendon
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Muscular diaphragm: vertebral portion
- Origin: upper lumbar vertebrae (crura: paired muscle forming passage)
- Course: superior & medial
- Insert: central tendon
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Why are there openings in the diaphragm?
Allow passage of blood vessels and esophagus from thorax to abdomen.
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Diaphragm opening: aortic hiatus
Lies between crura (muscle opening). Passage of descending aorta.
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Diaphragm opening: esophageal hiatus
Posterior to central tendon. Opening for esophagus and smaller arteries to pass through.
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Diaphragm opening: foramen vena cava
Anterior to esophageal hiatus. Passage of inferior vena cava, nerve vessels and lymph vessels.
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What does the action of the diaphragm do?
Increases vertical dimension of thorax, increasing thoracic volume and decreasing thoracic pressure. May also flare lower ribs.
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Muscles of Inhalation: External Intercostals
Stronger and more prominent of intercostals.
- Origin: lower border of superior rib
- Course: inferior and towards sternum Insert: upper border of rib below
- Action: lift rib cage upward and outward by “fixing” upper rib and raising lower one.
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Muscles of Inhalation: Levatores costarum
AKA costal elevators. Located on back of thoracic cage.
- Origin: C7, T1-11
- Course: inferior & lateral
- Insertion: posterior surface of rib just below Action: elevate ribs
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Muscles of Inhalation: Serratus Posterior Superior
On upper posterior aspect of thorax.
- Origin: C7, T1-T3.
- Course: inferior & lateral.
- Insert: ribs 2-5 near angle.
- Action: thought to elevate ribs 2-5
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Muscles of Inhalation: Pectoralis major
Large fan shaped muscle on upper anterior wall of thorax.
- Origin: humerus bone of upper arm
- Course: fans out widely across anterior thorax
- Insertion: upper costal cartilages, sternum, & clavicle
- Action: (possible) w/ shoulder fixed, draw sternum & ribs up, (probable) rotation of arm.
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Muscles of Inhalation: Pectoralis minor
Large thin muscle lying deep to pectoralis major.
- Origin: anterior surface of scapula
- Course: inferior & medial
- Insertion: anterior medial portion of ribs 3-5
- Action: (possible) with scapula fixed, lift ribs 3-5, (probable) shoulder extensor.
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Muscles of Inhalation: Subclavius
Small narrow muscle.
- Origin: underside of clavicle, near scapula
- Course: slightly inferior & medial Insert: junction of rib 1 and its cartilage
- Action: (possible) w/ clavicle braced, lift rib 1, (probable) draw shoulder forward
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Muscles of Inhalation: Serratus Anterior
Large thin muscle on side wall of thorax.
- Origin: anterior surface of scapula.
- Course: anterior, around the side of rib cage. Insertion: ribs 1-8 or 9, near costal cartilages.
- Action: possible: w/ scapula secure, lift ribs 1-8 or 9, probable: fixate & protract (extend) scapula
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Muscles of Inhalation: Sternocleidomastoideus
Large muscle on side of neck.
- Origin: bony skull, behind ear at mastoid process.
- Course: inferior, in 2 divisions. Insertion: superior surface of clavicle & sternum.
- Action: w/ head fixed, elevate sternum & ribs; w/ sternum fixed, flex neck toward torso.
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Muscles of Inhalation: Scalenes
Group of 3 muscles (anterior, medial, posterior) deep in the neck.
- Origin: transverse process of C2-C7.
- Course: inferior and slightly lateral.
- Insertion: ribs 1 and 2.
- Action: raise ribs 1 and 2.
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Muscles of Inhalation: Levator scapulae
- Origin: transverse process of C1-C4.
- Course: down.
- Insertion: medial border of scapula.
- Action: neck support.
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Which are the most important muscles for exhalation and inhalation?
Exhalation: abdominal muscles
Inhalation: diaphragm
All others are accessory muscles.
Abdominal aponeurosis
Sheet of tendonous tissue. Origin: superiorly to lower fibers of pectoralis major, xiphoid process of sternum & costal cartilages. Insertion: inferiorly to pubic symphisis and anterior iliac spine.
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Inguinal Ligament
Attaches the pubic symphysis and anterior iliac spine. Abdominal aponeurosis inserts here.
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Linea alba
Midline of abdominal aponeurosis, seen as a thick fibrous band.
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Divisions of abdominal aponeurosis
from linea alba, divides laterally into internal and external sheath, which surround rectus abdominus muscle. Come together again to form linea semilunaris. Laterally to this, divides into 4 sheets which surround other 3 abdominal muscles.
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Rectus abdominus
Long ribbon-like muscle on ventral aspect of abdominal cavity. Almost entirely enclosed by aponeurosis.
- Origin: anterior edge of pubic bone.
- Course: superior, parallel to midline.
- Insertion: cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process.
- Action: help do sit-ups.
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External oblique
Broad, flat muscle on lateral and anterior portions of lower thorax and abdomen. Largest, strongest and most superficial abdominal muscle.
- Origin: iliac crest and aponeurosis.
- Course: superior and lateral.
- Insert: ribs 5-12.
- Action: using just 1 will pull down & rotate trunk, 2 will make you do a sit-up. Also stabilize vertebrae.
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Internal oblique
Middle layer of abdominal musculature. Lies just deep to external obliques. Large, flat muscle on lateral and ventral aspect of abdomen.
- Origin: anterior 2/3 of iliac crest and lateral half of inguinal ligament.
- Course: fans out superiorally and medially.
- Insert: abdominal aponeurosis and inferior border of lower costal cartilages.
- Action: trunk rotation, help w/ bending over, and stabilize vertebrae.
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Transverse abdominus
Deepest abdominal muscle (under internal oblique).
- Origin: lower 7 ribs and superior surface of coxal bone.
- Course: horizontal and anterior.
- Insert: abdominal aponeurosis.
- Action: helps compress the abdomen.
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What are the actions of the abdominal muscles?
- Flexor of the vertebral column
- Enclose & support abdominal contents
- Respiration: displace abdominal contents & increase abdominal pressure; draw ribs down
* obliques more efficient rib depressors; transverse abdominus more efficient compressor.
Muscles of exhalation: internal intercostals
Lie just deep to externals, but aren’t as prominent or strong. Occupy space from angle of rib forward.
- Origin: superior surface of each rib.
- Course: superior and towards sternum.
- Insert: lower border of rib above.
- Action: pull ribs down.
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Muscles of exhalation: Transverse thoracic
On inner surface of anterior thoracic wall.
- Origin: Inner suface of sternum and costal cartilages 5-7.
- Course: fan out superiorly and laterally.
- Insertion: inner surface of ribs 2-6.
- Action: presumed to depress ribs.
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Muscles of exhalation: Serratus posterior inferior
On lower posterior portion of thorax.
- Origin: via aponeurosis from T11, 12 and L1-3.
- Course: superior and lateral.
- Insertion: lower border of ribs 8-12, just beyond angles.
- Action: presumed to pull down on lower ribs.
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Muscles of exhalation: Quadratus lumborum
Posterior muscle of abdomen. Flat sheet of muscle on lateral dorsal aspect of abdominal wall.
- Origin: iliac crest & iliolumbar ligament.
- Course: superior.
- Insertion: transverse process of L1-4, rib 12.
- Action: pull down on last rib.
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Muscles of exhalation: Latissimus dorsi
- Origin: sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae.
- Course: up & fanlike.
- Insertion: humerus.
- Action: stabilizes posterior abdominal wall.
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What is pleural linkage?
How the lungs are “linked” to thoracic wall. Allows movement of rib cage to be transmitted to lungs. Crucial to respiration.