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SPPA 320 > A&P Exam 1 Anatomy > Flashcards

A&P Exam 1 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does anatomical position look like?

A

Body standing erect, facing observer. Arms at side with palms facing forward.

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2
Q

Planes of reference: Frontal (Coronal)

A
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3
Q

Planes of Reference: Transverse (Horizontal)

A
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4
Q

Planes of reference: Median (Sagittal)

A
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5
Q

Anterior

A

Front AKA ventral

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6
Q

Posterior

A

Back AKA dorsal

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7
Q

Medially

A

Toward the center OPPOSITE of laterally

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8
Q

Laterally

A

Toward the side OPPOSITE of medially

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9
Q

Superior

A

Above OPPOSITE of inferior AKA cranially

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10
Q

Inferior

A

Below OPPOSITE of superior AKA caudally

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11
Q

Abduct

A

To move apart

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12
Q

Adduct

A

To come together

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13
Q

Proximal

A

Towards the root/origin OPPOSITE of distal

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14
Q

Distal

A

Away from the root/origin OPPOSITE of proximal

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15
Q

Superficial

A

Towards the surface AKA external

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16
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface AKA internal

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17
Q

Prone position

A

On the belly

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18
Q

Supine position

A

On the back

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19
Q

Place in order from simplest to most complex: Cell, Organ, Region, System, Tissues

A

Cell, Tissues, Organ, System, Region

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20
Q

What is an organ?

A

A structure that has two or more tissues.

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21
Q

What is a system?

A

Two or more organs that function together. We focus on: muscular, skeletal, respiratory, digestive, & nervous.

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22
Q

What is a region?

A

Different area of the body containing one or more organs.

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23
Q

What are the 4 systems that facilitate speech?

A

Respiratory (lung support) Phonatory (voicing) Articulatory (speech sounds shaped) Resonatory (resonance of air in nasal cavity; contributes to speech sounds)

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24
Q

What are the 4 basic types of elementary tissues?

A

Epithelial Nervous Muscular Connective

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25
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Superficial, outer layer. Forms sheet that covers external surface of body, lines tubes or passages to exterior, and lines interior body cavities; includes skin, mucous membranes

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26
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Communicating tissues that transfer information. Includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

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27
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Specialized contractile tissue; includes striated (skeletal), smooth (internal organs), and cardiac.

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28
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connect or bind structures together, support body, and aid in body maintenance.

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29
Q

Connective tissue: Areolar/adispose

A

Loose; connects muscles and organs.

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30
Q

Connective tissue: Fibrous

A

AKA dense Closely packed fibers. Includes white/fibrous (connects bones) and yellow/elastic (returns to its original shape)

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31
Q

Connective tissue: Lymphoid

A

Includes tonsils, adenoids, and lymphatic nodes

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32
Q

Connective tissue: Bone

A

Hardest connective tissue; rigid.

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33
Q

Connective tissue: Cartilage

A

Firm and flexible; includes many types…

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34
Q

Connective tissue: Cartilage: Hyaline

A

Smooth; articulating (touching) surfaces of bones. Includes larynx, trachea, bronchial passageway.

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35
Q

Connective tissue: Cartilage: Fibrocartilage

A

Dense, white, flexible, and acts as a shock absorber. Smooth surface for gliding that is found between spinal disks and surfaces of knee joints.

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36
Q

Connective tissue: Cartilage: Yellow (elastic)

A

Includes pinna, epiglottis. Are stretchable and will return to original shape.

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37
Q

Connective tissue: Cartilage: Tendons

A

Attach MUSCLE to bones, cartilage, or other muscles. Non elastic.

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38
Q

Connective tissue: Cartilage: Ligaments

A

little stretchy, great for tension; joins bone to bone, bone to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage

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39
Q

Connective tissue: Cartilage: Fasciae

A

All remaining tissue; a sheet like membrane that surrounds organs.

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40
Q

Roughly how many bones are in the human skeleton?

A

206

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41
Q

Skeleton: Axial

A

Vertebral column, skull, hyoid bone, and rib cage.

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42
Q

Skeleton: Appendicular

A

Bones of pectoral and pelvic girdle (arms and legs)

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43
Q

Elevation or depression: Condyle

A

Elevation. Rounded, knucklelike process that articulates with other bones.

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44
Q

Elevation or depression: crest

A

Elevation. Prominent ridge

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45
Q

Elevation or depression: head

A

Elevation. Enlargement @ one end of a bone.

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46
Q

Elevation or depression: Process

A

Elevation. Bony prominence.

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47
Q

Elevation or depression: spine

A

Elevation. Sharp projection.

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48
Q

Elevation or depression: tubercle

A

Elevation. Small rounded projection.

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49
Q

Elevation or depression: Tuberosity

A

Elevation. Large rounded projection. Example: heel bone

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50
Q

Elevation or depression: fissure

A

Depression. Cleft or deep groove.

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51
Q

Elevation or depression: foramen

A

Depression. Opening or hole on bone.

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52
Q

Elevation or depression: fossa

A

Depression. Pit or hollow.

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53
Q

Elevation or depression: meatus

A

Depression. Tube or passageway. Example: ear canal.

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54
Q

Elevation or depression: sinus

A

Depression. Cavity within bone.

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55
Q

Elevation or depression: suculus

A

Depression. Groove or furrow.

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56
Q

Facet

A

AKA articular surface; surface of a bone that communicates with another bone.

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57
Q

Synovial joint

A

Joint with high movement/mobility.

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58
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Joint with limited mobility.

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59
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Joint with no mobility

60
Q

The torso consists of…

A

Vertebral column + rib cage + pelvis

61
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Uppermost; 7 vertebrae; concave.

62
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

12 vertebrae; between cervical & lumbar (middle); convex.

63
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

5 vertebrae; lower back area (between thoracic and sacral); concave.

64
Q

Sacral vertebrae

A

5 vertebrae; between lumbar and cocyx; convex.

65
Q

Cocyx

A

Fused vertebrae; lowest section (tail bone).

66
Q

Kyphosis

A

Increased convexity of thoracic curve (may inhibit rib cage movement)

67
Q

Lordosis

A

Increased concavity in lumbar region (due to poor posture).

68
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral (side to side) curvature.

69
Q

Cervical vertebrae: body/corpus

A

Hold majority of weight.

70
Q

Cervical vertebrae: spinous process

A

Posterior projection; bones you can feel.

71
Q

Cervical vertebrae: transverse process

A

Lateral projections.

72
Q

Cervical vertebrae: transverse foramen

A

Opening in transverse process that spinal nerves pass through (only in cervical).

73
Q

Cervical vertebrae: vertebral foramen

A

Large opening in middle that spinal cord passes through.

74
Q

Cervical vertebrae: superior/inferior articular facets

A

Points where vertebrae are stacked on top of one another.

75
Q

Cervical vertebrae: atlas

A

C1; first cervical vertebrae that supports the skull.

76
Q

Cervical vertebrae: axis

A

C2; second cervical vertebrae; forms pivot around which skull & C1 can rotate.

77
Q

Thoracic vertebrae: body

A

Quite large since it supports a lot of weight

78
Q

Thoracic vertebrae: superior/inferior costal facets

A

Where ribs attach to vertebrae.

79
Q

Thoracic vertebrae: vertebral foramen

A

Hole for spinal cord.

80
Q

Thoracic vertebrae: superior/inferior articular facets

A

Stacking points.

81
Q

Sternum: manubrium

A

Superior border forms suprasternal (above) notch, lateral to which is articulatory facet for clavicle, just below this is depression for articulation with first rib.

82
Q

Sternum: body

A

2nd rib attaches at junction with manubrium, lateral borders marked by depressions for articulation with ribs 2-7.

83
Q

Sternum: xiphoid process

A

Bottom tip.

84
Q

True ribs

A

1-7; connected to sternum by cartilage that attaches directly to it.

85
Q

False ribs

A

8-10; attach via cartilage that swings superiorly and connects to cartilage above it.

86
Q

Floating ribs

A

11-12; only articulate with vertebral column.

87
Q

Shape of the ribs

A

Head: proximal to vertebrae Angle: lateral curvature Shaft: broad part w/ soft angle that attaches to costal cartilage.

88
Q

What are the purposes/functions of the ribs?

A
  1. Movement: they have to move so we can breathe 2. Protection: bony protective structure for organs inside
89
Q

Course of the ribs.

A

Course inferiorly & laterally (lateral view)

90
Q

What 3 ways does the thoracic cavity move during inhalation?

A
  1. Vertical dimension: diaphragm contraction Transverse dimension: 2. Lateral: elevation of curved ribs (move out to the side) 3. Anterio Posterior: sternum moving out
91
Q

Pelvic girdle: Ilium

A

Large fanning bones on either side; includes iliac crest.

92
Q

Pelvic girdle: Ischium

A

Absorbs weight of body when sitting up straight.

93
Q

Pelvic girdle: Pubis

A

2 bones meet at pubic symphsis

94
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Connects upper limbs to torso.

95
Q

Pectoral girdle: Clavicle (collarbone)

A

Projects scapula far enough laterally to clear chest wall; sometimes broken in delivery.

96
Q

Pectoral girdle: Scapula

A

(Shoulder blade) Only attachment to skeleton is via clavicle and humerus.

97
Q

Which structures make up the respiratory passage?

A

Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

98
Q

What are the 2 responsibilities of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Safety: breathing to keep us alive; nasal passages filter air we breathe in 2. Speech: can’t speak w/o the respiratory system
99
Q

How big is the trachea? Where is it?

A

4” long and 1” in diameter. Goes from larynx (C6) to bronchi (T5). Shares posterior wall with the esophagus.

100
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

Lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with larynx above and bronchi below. Made up of a number of horseshoe shaped rings of hyaline cartilage that are open in the back (to allow for flexibility for large inhalations).

101
Q

Bronchi

A

Extend from trachea to lungs. Branch out to form bronchial tree, which divides into secondary & tertiary bronchi. Final division gives rise to bronchioles.

102
Q

Bronchioles

A

Final division of bronchi that terminate as alveoli.

103
Q

Alveoli

A

Small (around 1/4 mm diameter). 300 million in mature lung. Supplied with blood for gas exchange with capillaries (give O2, take CO2)

104
Q

Lungs

A

Irregular shaped cones of spongy, porous elastic material.

105
Q

Lobes of the lung

A

Left: upper, lower, & mediastium: space created for the heart Right: upper, middle, & Lower

106
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Inner surface of thoracic cavity, including diaphragm.

107
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Outer surface of the lungs.

108
Q

Intrapleural space

A

Fluid filled negative pressure region between parietal and visceral pleura. Fluid also provides frictionless surface between lungs & thorax.

109
Q

Diaphragm

A

Dome shaped structure of muscle and tendon that looks like an inverted bowl. Divides thorax and abdomen. Center consists of thin, flat central tendon.

110
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Diaphragm is example; a sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheetlike muscles having a wide area of attachment.

111
Q

How does the muscular diaphragm work?

A

Attaches to central tendon and is divided into 3 portions. When contracted, muscle fibers pull central tendon down and forward.

112
Q

Muscular diaphragm: sternal portion

A
  • Origin: lower & back border of xiphoid process
  • Course: superior & medial
  • Insert: central tendon
113
Q

Muscular diaphragm: costal portion

A
  • Origin: lower border/inferior surface of ribs 7-12
  • Course: superior & medial
  • Insert: central tendon
114
Q

Muscular diaphragm: vertebral portion

A
  • Origin: upper lumbar vertebrae (crura: paired muscle forming passage)
  • Course: superior & medial
  • Insert: central tendon
115
Q

Why are there openings in the diaphragm?

A

Allow passage of blood vessels and esophagus from thorax to abdomen.

116
Q

Diaphragm opening: aortic hiatus

A

Lies between crura (muscle opening). Passage of descending aorta.

117
Q

Diaphragm opening: esophageal hiatus

A

Posterior to central tendon. Opening for esophagus and smaller arteries to pass through.

118
Q

Diaphragm opening: foramen vena cava

A

Anterior to esophageal hiatus. Passage of inferior vena cava, nerve vessels and lymph vessels.

119
Q

What does the action of the diaphragm do?

A

Increases vertical dimension of thorax, increasing thoracic volume and decreasing thoracic pressure. May also flare lower ribs.

120
Q

Muscles of Inhalation: External Intercostals

A

Stronger and more prominent of intercostals.

  • Origin: lower border of superior rib
  • Course: inferior and towards sternum Insert: upper border of rib below
  • Action: lift rib cage upward and outward by “fixing” upper rib and raising lower one.
121
Q

Muscles of Inhalation: Levatores costarum

A

AKA costal elevators. Located on back of thoracic cage.

  • Origin: C7, T1-11
  • Course: inferior & lateral
  • Insertion: posterior surface of rib just below Action: elevate ribs
122
Q

Muscles of Inhalation: Serratus Posterior Superior

A

On upper posterior aspect of thorax.

  • Origin: C7, T1-T3.
  • Course: inferior & lateral.
  • Insert: ribs 2-5 near angle.
  • Action: thought to elevate ribs 2-5
123
Q

Muscles of Inhalation: Pectoralis major

A

Large fan shaped muscle on upper anterior wall of thorax.

  • Origin: humerus bone of upper arm
  • Course: fans out widely across anterior thorax
  • Insertion: upper costal cartilages, sternum, & clavicle
  • Action: (possible) w/ shoulder fixed, draw sternum & ribs up, (probable) rotation of arm.
124
Q

Muscles of Inhalation: Pectoralis minor

A

Large thin muscle lying deep to pectoralis major.

  • Origin: anterior surface of scapula
  • Course: inferior & medial
  • Insertion: anterior medial portion of ribs 3-5
  • Action: (possible) with scapula fixed, lift ribs 3-5, (probable) shoulder extensor.
125
Q

Muscles of Inhalation: Subclavius

A

Small narrow muscle.

  • Origin: underside of clavicle, near scapula
  • Course: slightly inferior & medial Insert: junction of rib 1 and its cartilage
  • Action: (possible) w/ clavicle braced, lift rib 1, (probable) draw shoulder forward
126
Q

Muscles of Inhalation: Serratus Anterior

A

Large thin muscle on side wall of thorax.

  • Origin: anterior surface of scapula.
  • Course: anterior, around the side of rib cage. Insertion: ribs 1-8 or 9, near costal cartilages.
  • Action: possible: w/ scapula secure, lift ribs 1-8 or 9, probable: fixate & protract (extend) scapula
127
Q

Muscles of Inhalation: Sternocleidomastoideus

A

Large muscle on side of neck.

  • Origin: bony skull, behind ear at mastoid process.
  • Course: inferior, in 2 divisions. Insertion: superior surface of clavicle & sternum.
  • Action: w/ head fixed, elevate sternum & ribs; w/ sternum fixed, flex neck toward torso.
128
Q

Muscles of Inhalation: Scalenes

A

Group of 3 muscles (anterior, medial, posterior) deep in the neck.

  • Origin: transverse process of C2-C7.
  • Course: inferior and slightly lateral.
  • Insertion: ribs 1 and 2.
  • Action: raise ribs 1 and 2.
129
Q

Muscles of Inhalation: Levator scapulae

A
  • Origin: transverse process of C1-C4.
  • Course: down.
  • Insertion: medial border of scapula.
  • Action: neck support.
130
Q

Which are the most important muscles for exhalation and inhalation?

A

Exhalation: abdominal muscles

Inhalation: diaphragm

All others are accessory muscles.

131
Q

Abdominal aponeurosis

A

Sheet of tendonous tissue. Origin: superiorly to lower fibers of pectoralis major, xiphoid process of sternum & costal cartilages. Insertion: inferiorly to pubic symphisis and anterior iliac spine.

132
Q

Inguinal Ligament

A

Attaches the pubic symphysis and anterior iliac spine. Abdominal aponeurosis inserts here.

133
Q

Linea alba

A

Midline of abdominal aponeurosis, seen as a thick fibrous band.

134
Q

Divisions of abdominal aponeurosis

A

from linea alba, divides laterally into internal and external sheath, which surround rectus abdominus muscle. Come together again to form linea semilunaris. Laterally to this, divides into 4 sheets which surround other 3 abdominal muscles.

135
Q

Rectus abdominus

A

Long ribbon-like muscle on ventral aspect of abdominal cavity. Almost entirely enclosed by aponeurosis.

  • Origin: anterior edge of pubic bone.
  • Course: superior, parallel to midline.
  • Insertion: cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process.
  • Action: help do sit-ups.
136
Q

External oblique

A

Broad, flat muscle on lateral and anterior portions of lower thorax and abdomen. Largest, strongest and most superficial abdominal muscle.

  • Origin: iliac crest and aponeurosis.
  • Course: superior and lateral.
  • Insert: ribs 5-12.
  • Action: using just 1 will pull down & rotate trunk, 2 will make you do a sit-up. Also stabilize vertebrae.
137
Q

Internal oblique

A

Middle layer of abdominal musculature. Lies just deep to external obliques. Large, flat muscle on lateral and ventral aspect of abdomen.

  • Origin: anterior 2/3 of iliac crest and lateral half of inguinal ligament.
  • Course: fans out superiorally and medially.
  • Insert: abdominal aponeurosis and inferior border of lower costal cartilages.
  • Action: trunk rotation, help w/ bending over, and stabilize vertebrae.
138
Q

Transverse abdominus

A

Deepest abdominal muscle (under internal oblique).

  • Origin: lower 7 ribs and superior surface of coxal bone.
  • Course: horizontal and anterior.
  • Insert: abdominal aponeurosis.
  • Action: helps compress the abdomen.
139
Q

What are the actions of the abdominal muscles?

A
  1. Flexor of the vertebral column
  2. Enclose & support abdominal contents
  3. Respiration: displace abdominal contents & increase abdominal pressure; draw ribs down
    * obliques more efficient rib depressors; transverse abdominus more efficient compressor.
140
Q

Muscles of exhalation: internal intercostals

A

Lie just deep to externals, but aren’t as prominent or strong. Occupy space from angle of rib forward.

  • Origin: superior surface of each rib.
  • Course: superior and towards sternum.
  • Insert: lower border of rib above.
  • Action: pull ribs down.
141
Q

Muscles of exhalation: Transverse thoracic

A

On inner surface of anterior thoracic wall.

  • Origin: Inner suface of sternum and costal cartilages 5-7.
  • Course: fan out superiorly and laterally.
  • Insertion: inner surface of ribs 2-6.
  • Action: presumed to depress ribs.
142
Q

Muscles of exhalation: Serratus posterior inferior

A

On lower posterior portion of thorax.

  • Origin: via aponeurosis from T11, 12 and L1-3.
  • Course: superior and lateral.
  • Insertion: lower border of ribs 8-12, just beyond angles.
  • Action: presumed to pull down on lower ribs.
143
Q

Muscles of exhalation: Quadratus lumborum

A

Posterior muscle of abdomen. Flat sheet of muscle on lateral dorsal aspect of abdominal wall.

  • Origin: iliac crest & iliolumbar ligament.
  • Course: superior.
  • Insertion: transverse process of L1-4, rib 12.
  • Action: pull down on last rib.
144
Q

Muscles of exhalation: Latissimus dorsi

A
  • Origin: sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae.
  • Course: up & fanlike.
  • Insertion: humerus.
  • Action: stabilizes posterior abdominal wall.
145
Q

What is pleural linkage?

A

How the lungs are “linked” to thoracic wall. Allows movement of rib cage to be transmitted to lungs. Crucial to respiration.

SPPA 320 (7 decks)

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