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SPPA 320 > A&P Exam 2 Anatomy > Flashcards

A&P Exam 2 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biological role of the larynx?

A

Protective role:

  1. Prevents air from escaping from lungs
  2. Prevents foreign substances from entering lungs
  3. Expels foreign substances threatening trachea
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2
Q

What is the non-biological role of the larynx?

A

Sound generator

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3
Q

Hyoid bone

A
  • Supportive structure for root of tongue.
  • Suspends larynx and serves as attachment for extrinsic laryngeal muscles.
  • U-shaped
  • Level of C3
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4
Q

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

A

It is not attached to any other bone of the skeleton. It’s held in position by a complex system of muscle and ligaments.

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5
Q

Landmarks of the hyoid bone

A
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6
Q

Thyroid cartilage & landmarks

A

Largest laryngeal cartilage. Landmarks:

  • Thyroid lamina: quadrilateral plates
  • Angle of thyroid: midline fuse of lamina
  • Superior thyroid notch
  • Superior thyroid cornu: loosely attaches to greater horn of hyoid
  • Inferior thyroid cornu: attaches to cricoid cartilage
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7
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Located immediately above upper tracheal ring. Forms lower border of laryngeal framework. Shaped like a backwards signet ring.

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8
Q

Landmarks of the cricoid cartilage

A
  • Arch (anterior)
  • Quadrate lamina (posterior): extend superiorly to fill space between inferior horns of thyroid.
  • Articular facets:
    • Lateral: articulates w/ inferior cornu of thyroid cartilage
    • Superior: articulates w/ arytenoid cartilages
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9
Q

Arytenoid cartilages

A

Paired cartilages on sloping border of quadrate lamina of cricoid cartilage. Roughly resemble a three-sided pyramid.

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10
Q

Landmarks of the arytenoid cartilages

A
  • Muscular process: posterior & lateral
  • Vocal process: anterior
  • Apex: superior
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11
Q

Corniculate cartilages

A

Small bead-like cartilages.

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12
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • Flexible leaf-like structure
  • Located just behind hyoid bone and root of tongue.
  • Attached inferiorly to thyroid angle
  • Prevents food from entering larynx during swallow
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13
Q

Cuneiform cartilages

A

Embedded in aryepiglottic folds. Help support vocal folds & stiffen them to maintain opening to larynx/airway.

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14
Q

Cricoarytenoid joint & its movements

A

Saddle joint b/w cricoid & arytenoid cartilages. Movements:

  • Rocking: move vocal processes of arytenoids up/out or down/in, resulting in approximation or abduction of vocal folds.
  • Gliding: move arytenoids on long axis, resulting in changes in vocal fold length
  • Rotating: move arytenoids on vertical axis resulting in extreme abduction
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15
Q

Cricothyroid joint & its movements

A

Synovial joint w/ lateral articular facets on cricoid and inferior horns of thyroid.

Rotation: thyroid rocks down in front

Gliding: thyroid slightly forward/backward relative to cricoid

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16
Q

What happens to the vocal folds when the cricoid and thyroid move together in front?

A

Arytenoid cartilage moves farther away from thyroid which tenses vocal folds and adjusts pitch.

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17
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal membrane: Thyrohyoid/Hyothyroid

A

Attaches superior border of thyroid to body and greater horns of hyoid bone. Includes middle and lateral thyrohyoid ligament.

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18
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal membrane: Hyoepiglottic Ligament

A

Attaches superior aspect of epiglottis to body of the hyoid bone.

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19
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal membrane: Thyroepiglottic Ligament

A

Attach the inferior stem of the epiglottis to the inside of the thyroid cartilage, just below the notch.

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20
Q

Valleculae

A

Space between the tongue and the epiglottis.

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21
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal membrane: Cricotracheal Membrane

A

Connects lower border of cricoid cartilage to upper border of first tracheal ring.

22
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal membrane: Conus Elasticus (lateral and anterior views)

A

Continuous sheet that connects inferior border of thyroid, superior border of cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages.

  • Includes middle cricothyroid ligament: connects cricoid and thyroid at the middle near the angle.
23
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal membrane: Conus Elasticus (superior view)

A
  • Courses superiorly and medially.
  • Fibers terminate as free thickened margins.
    • Go from vocal process of arytenoid to thyroid angle
    • Called vocal ligament, or true vocal folds.
24
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal membrane: Quadrangular Membranes

A
  • Start at lateral margins of epiglottis and thyroid angle
  • Terminate superiorly as aryepiglottic folds
  • Course posteriorly and inferiorly to medial surfaces of arytenoids
  • Terminate inferiorly as free thickened margins called ventricular ligaments (false vocal folds)
25
Q

Pre-Laryngeal Cavity: Aditus Laryngis

A

Entry to larynx. Made up of anterior border of epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds.

26
Q

Laryngeal Cavity: Vestibule

A
  • Supraglottic (above glottis)
  • Triangular opening
  • Superior border: aditus laryngis
  • Inferior border: ventricular folds (false vocal folds)
  • Lateral walls: aryepiglottic folds
  • Posteriorly: membrane covering arytenoid cartilages
27
Q

Divisions of the glottis

A
  • Membranous glottis
    • Anterior 3/5
    • Soft tissue
    • AKA “free margin”
    • Vibrating element
  • Cartilaginous glottis
    • Posterior 2/5
    • Arytenoids
28
Q

Glottis

A
  • Space between true vocal folds, inferior to laryngeal ventricle
    • Superior to conus elasticus
    • Lateral are vocal folds & arytenoids
  • 20 mm long in adults
  • Posterior opening at rest ~8 mm
29
Q

Laryngeal Cavity: Laryngeal ventricle

A

Supraglottic. Space between false and true vocal folds.

30
Q

Vocal fold histology

A
  • epithelium: thin stiff capsule that maintains vocal fold shape
  • lamina propria:
    • superficial layer: loose fibrous components
    • Intermediate layer: elastic fibers
    • deep layer: cartilaginous fibers
  • vocalis muscle: main body of vocal folds
31
Q

Vocal folds: functional divisions

A
  • Cover: epithelium & superficial layer of lamina propria (mucosal lining)
  • Transition: intermediate & deep layers of lamina propria (vocal ligament)
  • Body: deep layer (vocalis muscle)
32
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A
  • Includes adductors, abductors, glottal tensors and relaxers
  • Make fine adjustments to vocal mechanism
  • Both origin and insertion on laryngeal cartilages or hyoid bone
33
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the larynx

A
  • Includes elevators and depressors
  • Have one attachment to structures outside the larynx
  • Responsible for major adjustments, support, and fixation of larynx in neck
34
Q

Adductor: Lateral Cricoarytenoid

A
  • Origin: upper border of anterolateral arch of cricoid
  • Course: superior and posterior
  • Insert: muscular process of arytenoid
  • Action: moves muscular process forward and inward/downward
  • Impact on vocal folds: rotate vocal process towards midline (adduct); possibly lengthen
35
Q

Adductor: Transverse (Inter)arytenoids

A
  • Origin: lateral margin & posterior surface of arytenoid
  • Course: horizontal
  • Insert: lateral margin & posterior surface of opposite arytenoid
  • Action: approximate arytenoids via gliding
  • Impact on vocal folds: Adduction, medial compression
36
Q

Adductor: Oblique (Inter)arytenoids

A
  • Origin: posterior surface of muscluar process of one arytenoid
  • Course: diagnoally
  • Insert: apex of opposite arytenoid
  • Action: pulls apex medially; rocks arytenoid down/in
  • Impact on vocal folds: adduction & medial compression
37
Q

Abductor: Posterior Cricoarytenoid

A
  • Origion: shallow depression of posterior aspect of quadrate lamina of cricoid cartilage
  • Course: superior and lateral
  • Insert: muscular process of arytenoid
  • Action: vertical fibers rotate arytenoid so that vocal processes are abducted and elevated
38
Q

Glottal tensor: Cricothyroid

A

Origin: anterolateral arch of cricoid cartilage

  • Pars oblique
    • Course: superior and posterior
    • Insert: inferior cornu of thryoid cartilage
    • Action: slides thyroid cartilage forward
  • Pars recta
    • Course: superior
    • Insert: lower margin of thyroid lamina
    • Action: tilts thyroid cartilage down

Impact on focal folds: lengthened and tensed

39
Q

Thyroarytenoid

A
  • Makes up main mass of true vocal folds
  • Consists of two muscle masses
    • Portion just lateral to vocal ligament (medial-most portion) is (thyro)vocalis
    • Lateral to vocalis is thyromuscularis
40
Q

Glottal tensor: Thyrovocalis

A

Part of thyroarytenoid

  • Origin: inner surface of thyroid cartilage near notch
  • Course: posterior
  • Insert: vocal process of arytenoids
  • Action: draws thyroid and cricoid farther apart in front
  • Impact on vocal folds: tenses
41
Q

Glottal relaxor: Thyromuscularis

A

Part of thyroarytenoid

  • Origin: inner surface of thyroid cartilage near notch (lateral to vocalis)
  • Course: posterior (parallel to vocalis)
  • Insert: muscular process of arytenoids
  • Action: moves muscular process forward
  • Impact on vocal folds: adduction and lengthening
42
Q

Elevators: Digastric

A
  • Anterior belly
    • Origin: inner surface of mandible, near midline
    • Course: inferior and posterior
    • Insert: lesser horn of hyoid
  • Posterior belly
    • Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
    • Insert: lesser horn of hyoid
  • Attach to one another via intermediate tendon
  • Action: raise hyoid (and larynx)
43
Q

Elevators: Stylohyoid

A
  • Origin: styloid process of temporal bone
  • Course: parallel to posterior belly of digastric
  • Insert: body of hyoid bone
  • Action: draws hyoid bone superiorly and posteriorly
44
Q

Elevators: Mylohyoid

A

Fanlike fibers that form muscular floor of mouth

  • Origin: inner surface of mandible from mental symphysis (midline) to last molar
  • Course: inferior and medial
  • Insert: with fibers from other side at midline raphe
    • posterior fibers onto body of hyoid bone
  • Action
    • If mandible is fixed, elevate hyoid bone
    • If hyoid is fixed, depresses mandible
45
Q

Elevators: Geniohyoid

A

Paried muscle superior to mylohyoid

  • Origin: lower part of mental symphysis
  • Course: posterior and inferior
  • Insert: body of hyoid bone
  • Action:
    • With mandible fixed, raises hyoid bone superiorly and anteriorly
    • With hyoid fixed, depresses mandible
46
Q

Elevators: Genioglossus

A
  • Origin: mental spines of mandible
  • Course: lower fibers to hyoid bone; remainder fan out to tongue dorsum
  • Insert: lower fibers to hyoid bone; remainder into submucous tissue on undersurface of tongue
  • Action: elevates hyoid
47
Q

Elevators: Hyoglossus

A
  • Origin: body & greater horn of hyoid bone
  • Course: upward
  • Insert: lateral submucous tissue of posterior half of tongue
  • Action:
    • If tongue is fixed, elevates hyoid
    • If hyoid is fixed, retracts and depresses tongue
48
Q

Depressors: Sternohyoid

A

Flat muscle on anterior surface of neck

  • Origin: posterior surface of manubrium and medial end of clavicle
  • Course: superior
  • Insert: inferior body of hyoid bone
  • Action: draws hyoid bone inferiorly toward sternum
49
Q

Depressors: Omohyoid

A
  • Superior belly
    • Origin: intermediate tendon (connects superior & inferior bellies)
    • Course: up
    • Insert: lower border of hyoid
    • Action: depresses hyoid
  • Inferior belly
    • Origin: upper border of scapula
    • Course: superiorly and medially
    • Insert: intermediate tendon
    • Action depress hyoid bone (by pulling on superior belly)
50
Q

Depressors: Sternothyroid

A
  • Origin: manubrium and first costal cartilage
  • Course: superior and lateral
  • Insert: thyroid lamina
  • Action: may draw thyroid cartilage down
51
Q

Depressors: Thyrohyoid

A
  • Origin: thyroid lamina
  • Course: superior
  • Insert: greater horn of hyoid bone
  • Action: depresses hyoid or elevates larynx

SPPA 320 (7 decks)

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