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A&P Lab > A&P exam 3 > Flashcards

A&P exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

remove inhaled debris by coughing and swallowing

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2
Q

ventral respiratory group VRG

A

in reticular of medulla oblongata. Regulates breathing with I neurons and E neurons

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3
Q

dorsal respiratory group DRG

A

in medulla, modifies rythrm of VRG

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4
Q

pontine respiratory group PRG

A

in pons, transmits signals to VRG and DRG that modifies timeing of transition from inspiration to expiration

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5
Q

boyle’s law

A

inspiratory muscles expand chest, intrapulmonary pressure drops. Inhalation

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6
Q

charle’s law

A

lungs are also inflated by warming and expansion of inspired air

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7
Q

alveolar surfactant

A

surface-active lipoprotein complex that minimizes resistance

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8
Q

alveolar ventilation rate

A

equals 350 mL x respiratory rate

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9
Q

restrictive disorders

A

reduce pulmonary compliance and vital capacity

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10
Q

obstructive disorders

A

reduced speed of airflow

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11
Q

eupnea

A

normal quiet respiration

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12
Q

apnea

A

temporary ceased breathing

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13
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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14
Q

hyperpnea

A

increased rate and deep breathing

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15
Q

kussmaul

A

deep, rabid breathing induced by acidosis, seen in diabetes mellitus

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16
Q

othopnea

A

shortness of breath when not standing

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17
Q

tachypnea

A

accelerated respiration

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18
Q

composition of air

A

79% N2, 21% O2, .04% CO2

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19
Q

total pressure

A

sum of partial pressures of air: N2, O2, CO2

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20
Q

henry’s law

A

amount of gas that diffuses from air into water is proportional to its solubility and partial pressure

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21
Q

ventilation-perfusion coupling

A

matches airflow to bloodflow, ensures optimal gas exchange between air and blood

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22
Q

what does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve show?

A

relationship between oxygen partial pressure and percentage of HbO2. binding first oxygen to hemoglobin accelerates binding of more O2 until hemoglobin is saturated

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23
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

prmotes loading of CO2 from tissues

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24
Q

carbonic acid

A

breaks down to HCO3- and H+. H+ binds to hemoglobin. HCO3- is exchanged for Cl- from plasma

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25
Q

utilization coefficient

A

blood gives about 22% of O2 to the tissue. When entering capillary, it’s 97% saturated. When leaving, it’s 75% saturated. 22% used

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26
Q

bohr effect

A

hemoglobin adjusts O2 unloading in response to variations in tissue’s oxygen partial pressure.

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27
Q

haldane effect

A

CO2 unloading is enhanced by O2 unloading. Hemoglobin picks up more CO2 from highly active tissues more than less active ones.

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28
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.35 to 7.45

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29
Q

acidosis

A

below 7.35

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30
Q

alklosis

A

above 7.45

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31
Q

hypercapnia

A

excess CO2

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32
Q

hypocapnia

A

CO2 deficiency

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33
Q

atelectasis

A

callapsed lung

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34
Q

pneumothorax

A

AIR in pleural cavity. No pressure for breathing

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35
Q

hypoxia

A

oxygen deficiency

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36
Q

hypoxemic hypoxia

A

due to inadequate pulmonary gas exchange. Drowning, high altitudes

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37
Q

ischemic hypoxia

A

inadequate circulation

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38
Q

anemic hypoxia

A

due to anemia

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39
Q

histotoxic hypoxia

A

due to metablic poison like cyanide

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40
Q

cyanosis

A

blueness of skin

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41
Q

squamous celled carcinoma

A

most common. Begins with transformation of bronchial epithelium into stratified squamous

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42
Q

adenocarinoma

A

originates in mucous glands of lamina propria

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43
Q

small-cell carcinoma

A

least common, most dangerous. Originates in primary brochi, invades mediastinum, metastasizes quickly

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44
Q

cor pulmonale

A

hypertrophy and failure of right heart due to obstruction of pulmonary circulation

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45
Q

pleural effusion

A

FLUID in pleural cavity. No pressure for breathing

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46
Q

RAS

A

activates genes involved in cell growth, mutations

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47
Q

MYC

A

activates genes involved in cell proliferation, mutation

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48
Q

p53

A

regulator of cell cycle, tumor suppressor, mutations reduce effect

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49
Q

p16

A

regulator of cell cycle, tumor suppressor, mutations reduce effect

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50
Q

RB

A

regulator of cell cycle, tumor suppressor, mutations reduce effect

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51
Q

wedge resection

A

remove small section of lung with tumor and margin of healthy tissue

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52
Q

segmental resection

A

remove larger portion but not entire lobe

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53
Q

lobectomy

A

remove entire lobe

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54
Q

pneumonectomy

A

remove entire lung

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55
Q

avastin

A

stops tumor from creating new blood supply

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56
Q

tarceva

A

blocks chemicals that signal cancer cells to grow and divide

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57
Q

xalkori

A

blocks chemicals that allow cancer cells to grow out of control and live longer than normal cells

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58
Q

supportive of pallative care

A

no treatment. Live rest of life without treatment that has negative impact on quality of life

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59
Q

submucosal plexus

A

controls gladular secretion of mucosa, contractions of muscularis mucosae

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60
Q

myenteric plexus

A

controls peristalsis, contractions of muscularis externa

61
Q

what does parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

62
Q

HCl

A

activates pepsin, break up ingested food, promote lipase action, convert Fe3+ to Fe2+

63
Q

intrinsic factor

A

required for B12 absorption. Without this, B12 deficiency results in pernicious anemia

64
Q

what does chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

65
Q

gastric lipase

A

fat digesting enzyme

66
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

gut-brain peptides=coordinates dfferent regions of digestive tract with each other

67
Q

receptive-relaxation response

A

movements of stomach that accomodates swallowed food

68
Q

cephalic phase

A

mental and sensory stimuli lead to stimulation of gastric secretion and motility through vagus nerves

69
Q

gastric phase

A

acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin stimulate secretion of HCl, intrinsic factor, and pepsinogen

70
Q

intestinal phase

A

chyme in duodenum activates enterogastric reflex

71
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

inhibit stomach secretion in intestinal phase

72
Q

what does duodenal enteroendocrine cells secrete?

A

secretin and cholecystokinin

73
Q

secretin

A

suppress gastric activity so stomach does not load chyme into duodenum too fast

74
Q

cholescystokinin

A

suppress gastric activity so stomach does not load chyme into duodenum too fast

75
Q

hepatic sinusoids

A

filter between blood and liver

76
Q

sodium bicarbonate

A

neutralizes stomach acid

77
Q

zymogens

A

digestive enzymes and precursors

78
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

digests starch

79
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

digests fat

80
Q

ribonuclease

A

digests RNA

81
Q

deoxyribonuclease

A

digests DNA

82
Q

trypsin

A

digests proteins

83
Q

chymotrypsin

A

digests proteins

84
Q

carboxpeptidase

A

digests proteins

85
Q

lacteal

A

lipid collecting lymphatic capillary

86
Q

paneth cells

A

bacterium fighting cells in intestinal crypt epithelium

87
Q

migrating motor complex

A

overlapping waves of peristalsis

88
Q

sodium-dependent cotransport proteins

A

Absorb amino acids and pass them into the blood capillaries of the villus

89
Q

bile acids

A

breaks fat into emulsification droplets in duodenum

90
Q

lecithin

A

breaks fat into emulsification droplets in duodenum

91
Q

emulsification droplets

A

Produced in the duodenum by breakup of dietary fat globules. Tiny globules of fat coated with lecithin and bile acids. Purpose is to expose more surface area to the action of pancreatic lipase.

92
Q

lipase hydrolyzses triglycerides into____

A

free fatty acids and monoglyceride

93
Q

micelles

A

from bile, collect FFF and monoglyceride and deliver them to surface of intestinal absorptive cells

94
Q

chylomicrons

A

fat droplets covered in protein that diffuse into capillaries in small intestine

95
Q

hepcidin

A

regulates iron absorption

96
Q

haustral contractions

A

movements of large intestine, move feces short distance distally

97
Q

intrinsic defecation reflex

A

triggered by stretching of rectum and mediated by myenteric nerve plexus. Drives feces downwards and relaxes internal anal sphincter

98
Q

parasympathetic defecation reflex

A

stronger reflex for defecation

99
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

smooth muscle, involuntary

100
Q

external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle, voluntary

101
Q

sodium-glucose transport protein

A

The plasma membrane of the absorptive cells has transport proteins that absorb monosaccharides as soon as the brush border enzymes release them. Absorbs glucose and galactose.

102
Q

gut-brain peptides

A

regulates appetite

103
Q

ghrelin

A

sense of hunger and induce eating

104
Q

peptide YY

A

sense of satiety and stop eating

105
Q

cholescystokinin

A

sense of satiety and stop eating

106
Q

leptin

A

adiposity signals that tells brain how much fat you have. Regulates long term food intake and energy consumption

107
Q

insulin

A

adiposity signals that tells brain how much fat you have. Regulates long term food intake and energy consumption

108
Q

many of the gut-brain peptides act through _____ of hypothalamus

A

arcuate nucleus

109
Q

neuropeptide Y

A

appetite stimulant

110
Q

melanocortin

A

appetite suppressant

111
Q

cravings: norepinephrine

A

carbohydrates

112
Q

cravings: galanin

113
Q

cravings: endorphins

114
Q

dietary fiber

A

cellulose, pectin, gums and lignin. Promotes intestinal motility

115
Q

pectin

A

lowers cholesterol in blood

116
Q

linoleic acid

A

An essential fatty acid not made in the body but which is essential for growth and healthy skin

117
Q

arachidonic acid

A

an omega-6 fatty acid derived from linoleic acid

118
Q

lipoprotein

A

droplets of cholesterol and triglycerides coated with proteins and phospholipids

119
Q

chylomicrons

A

formed in small intestine and transports dietary lipids throughout body

120
Q

VLDL

A

transport lipids from liver to adipose tissue

121
Q

LDL

A

remainders of VLDLs after trigycerides are removed. Transports cholesterols to cells that need it

122
Q

HDL

A

transport cholesterol back to liver for disposal

123
Q

nitrogen balance

A

state in which average daily nitrogen intake is equal to output

124
Q

vitamins C and B are ______ soluble

125
Q

vitamins A, D, E, and K are ______ soluble

126
Q

formula of oxidation of glucose

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O carbohydrate + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

127
Q

NAD+

A

important in transferring electrons from on metabolic pathway to another

128
Q

FAD

A

important in transferring electrons from on metabolic pathway to another

129
Q

glycolysis

A

splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules. Net yield of 2 ATP per glucose

130
Q

anaerobic fermentation

A

pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid. Regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis

131
Q

aerobic respiration

A

uses pyruvic acid and produces much more ATP. End products CO2 and H2O, less toxic than lactic acid.

132
Q

citric acid cycle

A

aerobic, breaks pyruvic acid down to CO2. generates 2 ATP per glucose. Generates 8 NADH and 2 FADH2

133
Q

NADH

A

electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP, 8 produced in citric acid cycle

134
Q

FADH2

A

electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP, 2 produced in citric acid cycle

135
Q

proton pumps

A

the most important transport proteins, use energy from ATP to pump protons out of the cell

136
Q

chemiosmotic mechanism

A

The formation of ATP in mitochondria and chloroplasts, resulting from a pumping of protons across a membrane (against a gradient of electrical charge and of pH), followed by the return of the protons through a protein channel with ATP synthase activity

137
Q

ATP synthase

A

large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

138
Q

glycogenolysis

A

hydrolysis of glycogen to release glucose

139
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from glycerol or amino acids

140
Q

adipocytes

A

store and release most of body’s fat

141
Q

lipogenesis

A

synthesis of fats from precursors such as sugars and amino acids

142
Q

lipolysis

A

hydrolysis and oxidation of fatty acids and glycerol

143
Q

beta oxidation

A

process in which fatty acids are degraded

144
Q

acidic ketone bodies

A

produced by incomplete fatty acid oxidation

145
Q

ketogenesis

A

production of acidic ketone bodies due to incomplete oxidation of fatty acids

146
Q

ketoacidosis

A

excess ketone bodies

147
Q

deamination

A

removal of amino grouo in amino acids for catabolism

148
Q

heat loss center

A

triggers cutaneous vasodilation and sweating

149
Q

heat promoting center

A

triggers shivering and cutaneous vasoconstriction

A&P Lab (5 decks)

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