A&P 1 Unit 7 (Lab) [Intro to the Skeletal System]

Question 1

5 Function of the Skeletal System

Answer 1

1. Support
2. Mineral Storage
3. Blood Cell Production
4. Protection
5. Leverage

Question 2

Support (Functions of the Skeletal System)

Answer 2

Framework for attachment of soft tissues and organ.

Question 3

Mineral Storage (Functions of the Skeletal System)

Answer 3

Calcium and phophate ions

Question 4

Blood Cell Production (Functions of the Skeletal System)

Answer 4

Red Bone Marrow produces RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Question 5

Protection (Functions of the Skeletal System)

Answer 5

Delicate tissues and organs are often surrounded by skeletal elements. The ribs protect the heart and lungs, the skull encloses the brain, the vertebrae shield the spinal cord, and the pelvis cradles delicate digestive and reproductive organs.

Question 6

Leverage (Functions of the Skeletal System)

Answer 6

Many bones act as levers (rigid structure) that skeletal muscles pull on (generate force) to move the body with strength and efficiency.

Question 7

Periosteum

Answer 7

• Superficial connective tissue of bone
• Highly vascular (rich blood supply)
• Anchored to the bone’s matrix by collagen bundles called perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers.
• Double Layered

Question 8

Superficial Connective Tissue of Bone (Periosteum)

Answer 8

• Double layered
• Covers a bone’s external surfaces (except where articular cartilage is present)

Question 9

Double Layered (Periosteum)

Answer 9

• Outer Layer
  
  • Tough, Fibrous, and Protective
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
    
    • Collagen (Strength)
• Inner Layer
  
  • Contains two mature bone cell types:
    
    • Osteoblasts
    • Osteoclasts
    • Together, these two cells participate in bone remodeling: the constant “recycling” of bone matrix to maintain health of the bone.

Question 10

Osteoblasts

Answer 10

Secrete new bone matrix

Question 11

Osteoclasts

Answer 11

Secrete enzymes that digest bone matrix

Question 12

2 Types of Osseous Tissue

Answer 12

• Compact (Cortical) Bone
• Spongy (Cancellous) Bone

Question 13

Compact (Cortical) Bone

Answer 13

• Located immediately deep to periosteum
• Hard, dense (“compact”) tissue
• The strong shelll of the bone

Question 14

Spongy (Cancellous) Bone

Answer 14

• Located inside the bone, deep to compact bone
• Hard matrix, but contains large spaces (“spongy”)

Question 15

Compact Bone Tissue Structure (9)

Answer 15

• Osteon
• Lamellae
• Central Canal (Haversian Canal)
• Endosteum
• Osteoblasts
• Osteocytes
• Lacunae
• Canaliculi
• Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canals

Question 16

Osteon

Answer 16

• Repeated, cylindrical unit of compact bone
• Concentric layers (Lamellae) of bone matrix, surrounding a central canal (Haversian Canal)
• Lacunae are found between the lamellae
  
  • Little spaces, each containing an osteocyte

Question 17

Lamellae

Answer 17

The concentic layers of bone matrix that surround the central canal.

Question 18

Central Canal

Answer 18

Longitudinal canal in the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves.

• Contains blood vessels, nerves
• Supplies O₂ and nutrients to osteocytes in the osteon; carries CO₂ and other wastes away.

Question 19

Endosteum

Answer 19

An incomplete cellular lining on the inner (medullary) surfaces of bones.

• Lines each central canal
• Like periosteum, contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Question 20

Osteocytes

Answer 20

What osteoblasts become when “trapped” by the bone matrix they secreted.

Question 21

Lacunae

Answer 21

• Found between the lamellae
• Little spaces, each containing an osteocyte

Question 22

Canaliculi

Answer 22

Tiny ECF-Filles canals that interconncet osteocytes with each other and the central canal

Question 23

Perforating (Volkmann’s) Canals

Answer 23

• Carry blood vessels from periosteum to the osteons
• Run perpendicular to the osteons

Question 24

Spongy Bone Tissue Structure

Answer 24

• Does not for osteons!!!
• Instead, grows in lattice-like formations called trabeculae

1. Trabeculae
2. Endosteum
3. Osteoblasts
4. Osteocytes
5. Lacunae
6. Canalculi
7. Red Bone Marrow
8. Yellow Bone Marrow

Question 25

Trabeculae

Answer 25

Structure:

• Coveredf by endosteum (With osteoblasts, osteoclasts)
• Internal lamellae with osteocytes inside lacunae
• Spaces between trabeculae are filled with red and yellow marrow

Question 26

Red Bone Marrow

Answer 26

Blood Cell Production

Question 27

Yellow Bone Marrow

Answer 27

Adipose Tissue

Question 28

Flat Bones

Answer 28

Have thin roughly paralellel surfaces. Flat bones form the roof of the skull, the sternum, the ribs, and the scapulae. They provide protection for underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscles.

Question 29

Sutural Bones

Answer 29

Or Wormian Bones, are small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull, There are indivdual variations in the number, shape, and position of sutural bones. Their borders are like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, and they range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter.

Question 30

Long Bones

Answer 30

Are relatively long and slender. They are located in the arm and forearm, thigh and leg, palms, soles, fingers, and toes. The femur, the long bone of the thigh, is the largest and heaviest bone in the body.

Question 31

Irregular Bones

Answer 31

Have complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces. The spinal vertebrae, the bones of the pelvis, and several skull bones are irregular bones.

Question 32

Sesamoid Bones

Answer 32

Are generally small, flat, and shaped somewhat like a sesame seed. They develope inside tendons and are most commonly located near joints at the knees, hands, and feet. Everyone has sesamoid patellae, or kneecaps, but indivdual s vary in the location and abundance of othe sesamoid bones. This variation, among others, account for disparities in the total number of bones in the skeleton. (can form in at least 26 locations)

Question 33

Short Bones

Answer 33

Small and boxy. Examples od short bones include bones in the wrists (carpal bones) and in the ankles (tarsal bones).

Question 34

Inorganic Component of Bone

Answer 34

The inorganic component of bone is the *mineral* component - a form of Calcium Phosphate called hydroxyapatite.

Question 35

Organic Component of Bone

Answer 35

The organic component of bone is the cells and extracellular matrix (e.g. collagen).

Question 36

Collagen

Answer 36

a group of naturally occurring proteins found in animals, especially in the flesh and connective tissues of vertebrates.[1] It is the main component of connective tissue, and is the most abundant protein in mammals,[2] making up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content. Collagen, in the form of elongated fibrils, is mostly found in fibrous tissues such as tendons, ligaments and skin, and is also abundant in corneas, cartilage, bones, blood vessels, the gut, and intervertebral discs. The fibroblast is the most common cell which creates collagen.

Question 37

Hydroxyapatite

Answer 37

a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), but is usually written Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities. Hydroxylapatite is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group. The OH- ion can be replaced by fluoride, chloride or carbonate, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system. Pure hydroxylapatite powder is white. Naturally occurring apatites can, however, also have brown, yellow, or green colorations, comparable to the discolorations of dental fluorosis.