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a&p 1 lab > *A&P 1 Unit 13 (Lab) [The Central Nervous System] > Flashcards

*A&P 1 Unit 13 (Lab) [The Central Nervous System] Flashcards

1
Q

The Central Nervous System

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
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2
Q

4 Regions of the Brain

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
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3
Q

Ventricles of the Brain

A

Internal cavities that produce and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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4
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • Bathes the brain (and spinal cord) externally and internally
  • Very similar to blood plasma in composition
    • Contains nutrients, O2, electrolytes
    • Carries away wastes and CO2
  • Reduces the weight of the brain by making it buoyant in the skull
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5
Q

CSF Locations

A
  1. Ventricles of Brain (Internal)
  2. Central Canal of Spinal Cord (Internal)
  3. Subarachnoid Space around the brain and spinal cord (External)
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6
Q

Production of CSF

A
  • Produced from blood plasma in specialized capillaries called choroid plexuses
  • Fluid leaked from choroid plexuses is taken up by ependymal cells
  • Ependymal cells process the fluid and secrete it as CSF into ventricles
  • Ependymal cells use cilia to circulate the CSF
  • CSF is returned to venous sinuses that drain blood from the brain
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7
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Largest, most superior portion of brain
  • Two Halves: Right & Left Hemisphere
  • Site of the most complex information processing:
    • Personality, Learning, Language
    • Conscious interpretation of sensory info
    • Conscious planning of movement
  • Highly Folded
    • Gyri: Folds
    • Sulci: Shallow grooves between gyri
    • Fissures: Deeper grooves at specific locations
      • Longitudinal Fissure: Separates the two hemisperes.
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8
Q

Lobes of the Cerebrum

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Insula (Not visible externally)
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9
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Thin, outer layer (about 2mm)
  • Gray matter: contains cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
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10
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • Thick white matter tract connecting the two hemispheres
  • Contains myelinated axons
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11
Q

Nuclei of Cerebrum

A

Deeper areas of gray matter in cerebrum (ex. Basal nuclei)

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12
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Completely surrounded by the cerebrum
  • 3 main parts:
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
    • Epithalamus
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13
Q

Thalamus

A

Acts as a “filter” of incoming sensory information

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Helps regulate the endocrine system
    • Note that the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus
  • Monitors the sleep-wake cycle
  • Controls hunger, thirst, & body temperature
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15
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • Contains pineal gland which secretes hormone melatonin
  • Melatonin levels establish a normal sleep-wake cycle
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16
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Important for autonomic functions (not under conscious control)
  • 3 Portions (Listed superior to inferior)
    • Midbrain
    • Pon
    • Medulla Oblongata
17
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains important centers for auditory and visual reflexes

18
Q

Pon

A

Sends signals to muscles of breathing (ex. Diapragm)

19
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Regulates heart rate and blood pressure
  • Passes through foramen magnum; continuous with the spinal cord
20
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Located inferior to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
  • Helps coordinate body movements and reduce movement errors
  • Cerebellar Cortex: outer gray matter
  • Arbor Vitae (“Tree of Life”): inner white matter
21
Q

Meninges

A
  • Connective tissue coverings of the brain (and Spinal Cord)
  • Protect the CNS and create spaces for CSF
  • 3 layers of meninges (Listed superficial to deep)
    • Dura Mater
    • Arachnoid Mater
    • Pia Mater
22
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Tough, thick outer layer
  • Splits into two layer in specific locations to create venous sinuses
  • Sudural Space
    • Space between dura mater and arachnoid mater
23
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  • Thinner layer with web-like fibers extending towards pia mater
  • Subarachnoid space contains CSF
24
Q

Pia Mater

A

Thinnest, delicate layer, adhering directly to surface of brain

25
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain
  • Each has a number (Roman Numeral) and a name
  • Some are sensory, some are motor, and some are mixed (both sensory and motor)
  • Cranial nerve function is often tested clinically by a neurologists
  • Be aware of the Vagus Nerve (X)
26
Q

Vagus Nerve (X)

A
  • A major nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system
    • Ex. Vagus nerve slows heart rate, reduces blod pressure
  • Innervates many viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
27
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Extends from medulla oblongata (brain) to vertebral level L1/L2
  • Contained within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column
  • Spinal meninges
    • Same as the brain
28
Q

Spinal Dura Mater

A
  • Epidural space contains fat the cushions the spinal cord against bone
  • There is no epidural space around the brain
29
Q

Spinal Arachnoid Mater

A

Subarachnoid space contains CSF

30
Q

Spinal Pia Mater

A

Delicate innermost layer that clings to surface of spinal cord

31
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A

Larger diameter area containing neurons serving upper limbs

32
Q

Lumbar Enlargement

A

Larger diameter area containing neurons serving the lower limbs

33
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

Inferior ending of spinal cord at L1/L2

34
Q

Cauda Equina (“Horse’s tail”)

A

Large bundle of spinal nerves that descend from conus medullaris

35
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord along its length
  • All spinal nerves are mixed (carry both sensory amd motor info)
36
Q

Spinal Gray Matter

A
  • Butterfly-shaped; contains cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
  • Divided into horns: Posterior horn, Lateral Horn, Anterior Horn
37
Q

Spinal White Matter

A
  • Surrounds the gray matter
  • Divided into columns (funiculi): posterior column, lateral column, anterior column
    • Columns contain myelinated axons
    • Axons are grouped into ascending tracts & descending tracts
      • Ascending tracts carry info superiorly
      • Descending tracts carry info inferiorly

a&p 1 lab (12 decks)

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