A. HORMONAL MECHANISMS Flashcards
what does endocrine mean
internal/inside
what does exocrine mean
external/outside
what is a endocrine hormone
a chemical messenger secreted directly into the bloodstream from (ductless) endocrine gland which targets cell/tissue some distance from endocrine gland
DON’T LEAVE THE BODY
what is a exocrine hormone
a chemical messenger released through a duct or opening to body surface from exocrine gland (eg - sweat or salivary gland)
example of endocrine intercellular messenger in body
insulin which is released from islets of Langerhans (pancreas), enters bloodstream and acts on liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle which are are the 3 main metabolic organs in the body
what are autocrine hormones
released by cell into interstitial fluid and then acts on same cell
example of autocrine intercellular messenger in body
prostaglandins
what are paracrine hormones
released by cell, travels a short distance in interstitial fluid and then targets neighbouring cells
example of paracrine intercellular messenger in body
somatostatin on insulin secretion
what are neuroendocrine hormones/neurohormones
released from nerve cell/neuroendocrine cell along axon into bloodstream and then act on target cell
example of neuroendocrine intercellular messenger in body
oxytocin and arginine vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) secreted from posterior pituitary gland
what are neurotransmitters
released from neurone, cross synaptic cleft and act on another neurone
example of neurotransmitter intercellular messenger in body
acetylcholine
what are peptide hormones
chains of amino acids and includes those released from hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary, pancreas and GIT
what are steroid hormones
derived from cholesterol (in membrane) and includes cortisol, aldosterone (adrenal cortex) and sex hormones (gonads)
what are hormones derived from tyrosine
thyroid hormones and catecholamines (adrenal medulla)
eg - Adr, NA, dopamine
what are eicosanoids
prostaglandins
peptide hormone synthesis
NUCLEUS
- gene to mRNA by transcription
- mRNA to protein by translation
RER AND RIBOSOMES
- preprohormone which undergoes protein folding, disulphide bonding, glycosylation and ‘pre’ signal is cleaved
GOLGI COMPLEX
- prohormone which undergoes additional processing and cleavage
SECRETORY GRANULES
- hormone is packaged into granules, stored until released upon arrival of stimulus and then released by exocytosis
what is exocytosis
fusion with plasma membrane and hormone release