9.41-9.45 Flashcards
Supreme court of law in the French old regime
Parlement of Paris
public officials (like court officials at the parlement) granted status of nobility by the king and could pass it down to their heirs
Nobility of the robe
the regime of the 3 estates- political, social system before 1789 revolution
old regime
First- Clergy, Second- Aristocracy, Third- everyone else
Three Estates
Assembly of representatives from all three estates
Estates General
Wealthy merchant and commercial class of the Third Estate
Bourgeoisie
forced labor exacted in lieu of taxes, in particular that on public roads
Corvee
In the old regime the King could punish someone without letting them defend themselves
Lettre de cachet
France went into debt helping to pay for this war and nobles paid low taxes so the country’s economy plummeted
American Revolution
Finance minister under Louis XVI who made reforms to fix the economy. Known for his modern reforms, like giving the third estate equal representation in the provinces. Him being fired led to the storming of the Bastille
Jacques Necker
3 estates made up lists of grievances and wishes. Louis ordered the 3 estates to make these lists before the estates general met in 1789
Cahiers de doleances
Fees paid to nobles by peasants for being allowed to use services on the nobles land but allow the peasants to own property
banalities
He said to tax all land owners without exception for social class and wanted to seize some church property
Calonne
happened in 1787, called by Louis because he wanted to influence the group, almost worked to avert the revolution but they couldn’t agree
Assembly of Notables
Tried to break parlements, replaced with modernized judicial system
Louis XVI
A pamphlet that declared the nobility useless and said that the third estate is the only one necessary for society therefore they should hold the main power of society
Abbe Sieyes “what is the third estate”
Government powers are derived from the consent of the governed
Jean Jacque Rousseau “Social Contract”
Third estate representatives morphed into this, belief that the nation was embodied by the third estate and therefore they should be in power
National Assembly
when the members of the National Assembly were locked out of the Estates General, they gathered on a tennis court and swore not to leave until they had written a new Constitution. Some members of the first and second estate defected to the National Assembly, seeing their conviction and rising power
Tennis Court Oath
Poor Harvest, price of bread was very high
Harvest of 1788
fears that King Louis XVI was about to arrest France’s newly constituted National Assembly led a crowd of Parisians to successfully besiege the Bastille
Storming of Bastille
General who fought in the American Revolution, he was appointed him to command the guard of Paris by the National Assembly
Lafayette
a period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumours of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate.
Great Fear
Aristocracy who fled France to other European countries
Emigres
Frederick William II wrote a declaration stating that Austria would go to war if and only if all the other major European powers also went to war with France.
Declaration of Pillnitz
The National Assembly abolishes the feudal system entirely
Night of August 4
a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 initially against the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it.
War of First Coalition
A drafted constitution by the Nation Assembly, that called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all “Men”, and access to public office based on talent. The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
A book that said popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people.
Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man
Book in responce to the “rights of man”
It stated that women, like their male counterparts, have natural, inalienable, and sacred rights
Olympe de Gouges Rights of Woman
A book that argues the importance of education for both men and women. She argued that society, the family, and marriage, would all benefit from greater educational opportunities for women
Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Woman
a centrist politically, and ultimately her more moderate opinions would endanger her during the more radical phase of the Revolution. Her importance as a writer and literary figure is undisputed. She wrote numerous political pieces as well as novels, plays and literary criticism
Madame de Stael
a riot that took place during this first stage of the French Revolution. It was spontaneously organized by women in the marketplaces of Paris, on the morning of October 5, 1789. They complained over the high price and scant availability of bread, marching from Paris to Versailles.
Women’s march to Versailles
a member of a democratic club established in Paris were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793–4.
Jacobins
paper bill issued in France as currency, often given to the church in exchange for lands taken by the government.
Assignats
an attempt to reorganize the Roman Catholic Church in France on a national basis. It caused a schism within the French Church and made many devout Catholics turn against the Revolution.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy 1790
Catholic clergy who did not take an oath of loyalty to the French government and instead sided with the Pope turning against the revolution
Refractory clergy
Created by the National Constituent Assembly, their purpose was both to create a unit of local government and to replace the provinces based on geographical, rather than historic, or landowning considerations
83 departments
King Louis XVI of France, his wife Queen Marie Antoinette, and their children attempted to escape from Paris
Flight to Varennes
a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making
Constitutional monarchy
A mans views of the unfolding revolution in France changed during the course of 1789. In August he was praising it as a ‘wonderful spectacle’, but weeks later he stated that the people had thrown off not only ‘their political servitude’ but also ‘the yoke of laws and morals’
Edmund Burke Reflections on the Revolution in France
implemented new reforms to help create a society of independent individuals with equal rights. These reforms included new legislation about divorce, government control over registration and inheritance rights for children
Legislative Assembly
a prime minister who consolidated the powers of his office. Though he was sometimes opposed by members of his Cabinet, he helped define the role of the Prime Minister as the supervisor and co-ordinator of the various government departments.
William Pitt the Younger
those who supported the hereditary right of James despite his Roman Catholic faith.
Tory Party
the second King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909 and the self-made autocratic ruler of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908.
Leopold II
they advocated exporting the Revolution through aggressive foreign policies including war against the surrounding European monarchies
Girondins
advocated economic freedom, religious toleration, legal and educational reform, the abolition of slavery, and—unusually for his time—equal rights for women, including woman suffrage.
Condorcet
established herself as a leading figure within the political group the Girondins, one of the more moderate revolutionary factions. She was known for her intelligence, astute political analyses and her tenacity, and was a good lobbyist and negotiator.
Madame Roland
The manifesto promised that if the French Royal family was not harmed, then the Allies would not harm French civilians or loot.
Brunswick Manifesto
the people of Paris were frustrated with King Louis XVI’s lack of cooperation with the French Revolution and wished to overthrow him. The conflict led France to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic
Storming the Tuileries
a leader of the French Revolution best known for spearheading the Reign of Terror. He was an important member of the Jacobin political party.
Robespierre
he became French Minister of Justice and was responsible for inciting the September Massacres. In Spring 1793 he supported the foundation of a Revolutionary Tribunal and became the first president of the Committee of Public Safety.
Georges-Jacques Danton
died in as a martyr in a bathtub
Jean-Paul Marat
French national anthem
Marseillaise
the government of Paris from 1789 until 1795. Established in the Hôtel de Ville just after the storming of the Bastille, it consisted of 144 delegates elected by the 60 divisions of the city.
Commune
mass killing of prisoners that took place in Paris caused by a fear that the prisoners of Paris would be freed in a counter-revolutionary royalist plot, and proceed to indiscriminately burn down the city and kills its inhabitants.
September Massacres
single-chamber assembly in France from September 20, 1792, to October 26, 1795, during the French Revolution. It succeeded the Legislative Assembly and founded the First Republic
National Convention
motto of the French Revolution
Equality, Liberty, Fraternity
a political group during the French Revolution. Its members, sat on the highest benches in the National Convention. They were the most radical group and opposed the Girondins.
Montagnards
the common people of the lower classes in late 18th-century France, a great many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the Ancien Régime.
Sans-culottes
anyone who opposes or resists a revolution, particularly one who acts after a revolution in order to try to overturn it or reverse its course,
Counter-revolutionaries
behavior showing high moral standards
Virtue
period of state-sanctioned violence during the French Revolution, which saw the public executions and mass killings of thousands of counter-revolutionary ‘suspects’
The Terror
created by the National Convention in 1793 with the intent to defend the nation against foreign and domestic enemies, as well as to oversee the new functions of the executive government. Members were elected and served for a period of one month.
Committee of Public Safety
setting price limits and punishing price gouging to attempt to ensure the continued supply of food to the French capital.
Law of Maximum
known as the “Organizer of Victory” in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars.
Lazare Carnot
French policy for military conscription, all able-bodied unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 25 were required to enlist.
Levee en masse
empowered local revolutionary committees to arrest “those who by their conduct, relations or language spoken or written, have shown themselves partisans of tyranny or federalism and enemies of liberty.
Law of Suspects
The Terror came to this place and more than 6,000 people – including 400 children – were executed. Some were guillotined but most were shot, stabbed, bayoneted or forcibly drowned. Farms, crops and forests were burned across this place, affecting the innocent as well as the rebels.
Vendee
a form of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic and a replacement for Roman Catholicism and its rival, the Cult of Reason.
Cult of the Supreme Being
a new belief system created to replace Christianity, which was based on the ideals of reason, virtue, and liberty
Temple of Reason
based on a secular calendar first presented by Pierre-Sylvain Maréchal in 1788. The 12 months of the calendar each contained three décades (instead of weeks) of 10 days each; at the end of the year were grouped five (six in leap years) supplementary days
Revolutionary Calendar
His theory was that organisms altered their behavior in response to environmental change. Their changed behavior, in turn, modified their organs, and their offspring inherited those “improved” structures.
Lamarck
the founder of modern chemistry
Lavoisier
a radical revolutionary political group associated with the populist journalist Jacques Hébert, They came to power during the Reign of Terror
Hebertists
commonly known as the Ultra-radicals were a small number of firebrands known for defending the lower class and expressing the demands of the extreme radical sans-culottes during the French Revolution
Enrages
the parliamentary revolt which resulted in the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the collapse of revolutionary fervour and the Reign of Terror in France
Thermidorian Reaction
the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799
The Directory
a failed coup d’Etat during the French Revolution. It was led by François-Noël Babeuf, who wanted to overthrow the Directory and replace it with an egalitarian and proto-socialist republic, inspired by Jacobin ideals.
Conspiracy of Equals
coup d’état that overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte. The event is often viewed as the effective end of the French Revolution
Coup d’etate Brumaire
