6.27-6.29 vocab

Question 1

a family group consisting of parents and their children, typically living in one home residence

Answer 1

nuclear family

Question 2

property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage

Answer 2

dowries

Question 3

a campaign directed against a person or group who are suspected of dark magic or devil worship.

Answer 3

witch hunts

Question 4

a period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries

Answer 4

Scientific Revolution

Question 5

a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.

Answer 5

Copernicus

Question 6

thinking that the sun is a fixed body that other planets revolve around

Answer 6

heliocentric view

Question 7

proposed a theory of the solar system, which contained elements of both the Earth-centred Ptolemaic system and the Sun-centred Copernican system. In his theory, the other planets revolved around the Sun, which itself revolved around Earth.

Answer 7

Tycho Brahe

Question 8

a German mathematician and astronomer who discovered that the Earth and planets travel about the sun in elliptical orbits. He gave three fundamental laws of planetary motion. He also did important work in optics and geometry.

Answer 8

Johannes Kepler

Question 9

They describe how (1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus, (2) a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, and (3) a planet’s orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit

Answer 9

3 laws of planetary motion

Question 10

about the Moon, Jupiter’s moons, Venus, and sunspots supported the idea that the Sun - not the Earth - was the center of the Universe, as was commonly believed at the time.

Answer 10

Galileo

Question 11

Created by Issac Newton. An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force. The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.

Answer 11

Laws of Motion

Question 12

an optical instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer, containing an arrangement of lenses, or of curved mirrors and lenses, by which rays of light are collected and focused and the resulting image magnified.

Answer 12

telescope

Question 13

well known for his treatises on empiricist natural philosophy (The Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum Scientiarum) and for his doctrine of the idols, which he put forward in his early writings, as well as for the idea of a modern research institute. Wrote Novum Organum, New Atlantis, and The Advancement of Learning

Answer 13

Francis Bacon

Question 14

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.

Answer 14

empiricism

Question 15

a method of drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general.

Answer 15

inductive method

Question 16

famous for having made an important connection between geometry and algebra, which allowed for the solving of geometrical problems by way of algebraic equations

Answer 16

Rene Descartes

Question 17

the mental process of drawing deductive inferences. An inference is deductively valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises

Answer 17

deductive reasoning

Question 18

the end of the search Descartes conducted for a statement that could not be doubted. He found that he could not doubt that he himself existed, as he was the one doing the doubting in the first place.

Answer 18

cogito ergo sum (“I think; therefore, I am”)

Question 19

the position taken by René Descartes that the world comprises two distinct and incompatible classes of substance: res extensa, or extended substance, which extends through space; and res cogitans, or thinking substance, which has no extension in space

Answer 19

Cartesian dualism

Question 20

an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation

Answer 20

Scientific Method

Question 21

best known for having invented the calculus in the mid to late 1660s and for having formulated the theory of universal gravity

Answer 21

Isaac Newton

Question 22

bodies with mass attract each other with a force that varies directly as the product of their masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them.

Answer 22

principle of universal gravitation

Question 23

A book written by Issac Newton that states Newton’s laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics; Newton’s law of universal gravitation; and a derivation of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion

Answer 23

Principia, 1687

Question 24

the man who pioneered the use of minerals and other chemicals in medicine

Answer 24

Paracelsus

Question 25

one of the first physicians to accurately record and illustrate human anatomy based on his findings from autopsies and dissections, which led to improved understanding of the human body and enhanced surgery techniques.

Answer 25

Vesalius

Question 26

he first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body and to provide experiments and arguments to support this idea

Answer 26

William Harvey

Question 27

He invented the microscope and discovered both protists and bacteria

Answer 27

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 28

is a learned society for science, and is possibly the oldest such society still in existence.

Answer 28

Royal Society

Question 29

This invention allowed ships to determine their longitude at sea

Answer 29

John Harrison, chronometer

Question 30

the medieval forerunner of chemistry, based on the supposed transformation of matter. It was concerned particularly with attempts to convert base metals into gold or to find a universal elixir.

Answer 30

alchemy

Question 31

a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects

Answer 31

astrology

Question 32

a woman thought to have magic powers, especially evil ones

Answer 32

Witches

Question 33

the worship of Satan in hopes that your devotion and soul will be traded for a favor

Answer 33

Devil worship

Question 34

It served as a guidebook for Inquisitors during the Inquisition, and was designed to aid them in the identification, prosecution, and dispatching of witches. It set forth, as well, many of the modern misconceptions and fears concerning witches and the influence of witchcraft.

Answer 34

Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of Witches)

Question 35

With his widely distributed book Malleus Maleficarum (1487), which describes witchcraft and endorses detailed processes for the extermination of witches, he was instrumental in establishing the period of witch trials in the early modern period.

Answer 35

Heinrich Kramer

Question 36

Helped to write the Malleus Maleficarum

Answer 36

Jakob Sprenger

Question 37

specifically addressed the malign presence of witches and witchcraft in the Holy Roman Empire and authorized a formal inquisition into their activities

Answer 37

Pope Innocent VIII