2.6-2.7 terms Flashcards
A change in Europe that changed the focus from religion to the human personality, creating a more Gecro-Roman civilization
Italian Renaissance
a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state
City-States
Italian city-state was the birthplace of the Renaissance, center of Renaissance banking and trading.
Republic of Florence
Very rich ruling family of Florence
Medici Family
Wanted all of Italy to behave like early Romans
Machiavelli
Spanish and German mercenaries entered the city of Rome killing thousands of people, raped women, imprisoned the Pope, and mocked cardinals
Sack of Rome 1527
a way of thinking and learning that stresses the importance of human abilities and actions.
Humanism
A new sense of civic consciousness or sense of public duty
individualism
The feeling that human beings were frail creatures that needed gods guidance became less popular
secularism
Promote republican ideals and the need to work as individuals to keep the republic stable
Civic Humanism
Renowned Poet who studied classic works of ancient Greece, Rome and Arabia.
Petrarch
common language understood by people of the area/region
Vernacular
Wrote the 3 period view of history
Leonardo Bruni
proved that the doctrine of Constance was a forgery
Lorenzo Valla
Latin translation of the bible
Latin Vulgate
Florentine philosopher, translator, and commentator, largely responsible for the revival of Plato and Platonism in the Renaissance.
Marsilio Ficino
a book on the importance and primacy of human beings
Pico Della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignaty of Man
a lengthy philosophical dialogue on the topic of what constitutes an ideal courtier or court lady, worthy to befriend and advise a Prince or political leader.
Baldassare Castiglione, the Courtier
German inventor who created the printing press with movable type
Johann Gutenberg
Money, support, or privilege given from one individual or organization to another.
Patronage
An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.
Geometric Perspective
the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting
Chiaroscuro
allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another
sfumato
Greco-Roman hip pop in sculptures
contrapposto
a simple rectangular shrine with protruding side walls
Greek temple architecture
the father of European painting and the first of the great Italian masters.
Giotto
large church in Florence with a big dome on top
Brunelleschi Il Duomo
Bronze doors outside of the baptistery of Florence
Lorenzo Ghiberti, gates of paradise
Bronze statue of David after he fights Goliath
Donatello, David
Fresco in a Florence church depicting adam and eve leaving the garden
Masaccio, expulsion of adam and eve
A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1348 and 1351
Black Death
massive insurrections of peasants and workers
jacqueries
A huge peasant rebellion in England because of unfair treatment of the working class after the plague
wat tyler’s rebellion
a struggle between the pope and the French king
led to the election of a French pope who moved the papacy to Avignon
Babylonian captivity
His election ended the great schism and he ended the conciliar movement
Martin V
England claimed land in France, France took it back starting the war
Hundred Years War
A french peasant girl who led the French army to victory at Orleans
Joan of Arc
Was arrested by Philip IV
Boniface VIII
declared that outside of the Roman church there was no salvation and every human was subject to the pope
unam sanctum
2 popes one in Avignon and one in Rome, both refused to recognize each other
Great (western) Schism
Tried to tax church lands and arrested Boniface, who died before he could be captured
Philip IV (the fair)
Translated the bible into English, and believed that the church should only follow scripture
John Wayclif
Bohemian religious reformer who wanted the church to focus on scripture
John Hus
Issued by the French king, ordered a council to be created with supremacy over the pope
pragmatic sanction of Borgeous
Council that ended the Great Schism and attempted to accomplish church reforms
Council of Constance
depicts the goddess Venus arriving to earth in an oyster shell
Sandro Botticelli, birth of venus
a short period of the most exceptional artistic production in the Italian states
high renaissance
an Italian architect and painter. He introduced Renaissance architecture to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome
Bramante
A half-length portrait, Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci, mona lisa
Fresco in the Vatican containing scholarly figures
Raphael, School of Athens
Originally built by Emperor Constantine but rebuilt by pope Julius II
Michelangelo, dome of Saint Peters Basilica
the greatest painter of 16th-century Venice, and the first painter to have a mainly international clientele
Titian
most influential Architect in history
Andrea Palladio
the Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps
Northern Renaissance
regards humanist principles like universal human dignity, individual freedom, and the importance of happiness as essential and principal or even exclusive components of the teachings of Jesus
Christian Humanists
a bold satire that pokes fun at the foolishness of mankind
Erasmus, in praise of folly
a fictional work about an imaginary pagan and communist city-state in which the institutions and rules are all reason-based.
Thomas More, Utopia
a French theologian and a leading figure in French humanism. He was a precursor of the Protestant movement in France
Jacques Lafevre d’Etables
Spanish cardinal
Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros
Father of modern psychology
Juan Luis Vives
popularized the essay as a form of literature, subscribed to the skepticism school of thought
Michel de Montaigne
most famous play write
William Shakespeare
sharply delineated forms, naturalistic proportions, clear, usually cool colors, and the use of perspective.
Flemish style
one of the early innovators of what became known as Early Netherlandish painting
Jan Van Eyck
most notable representatives of the Early Netherlandish painting school. His work, generally oil on oak wood, mainly contains fantastic illustrations of religious concepts and narratives.
Bosch
the most significant artist of Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting, a painter and printmaker, known for his landscapes and peasant scenes
Peter Brueghel the Elder
German painter of wood cut prints
Albrecht Durer
German-swiss painter, regarded as the best portraitist
Hans Holbein the Younger
art style with an emphasis on self-conscious artifice over realistic depiction.
mannerism
Greek artist that painted tortuously elongated figures painted in phantasmagorical pigmentation
El Greco
German upper bourgeois family that was historically a prominent group of European bankers,
Fugger Family
the period from 1492 to 1607, when the first permanent English settlement on the mainland of North America was established
the long 16th century
an Italian poet and court writer who spread humanist ideas in france
Christine de Pisan
was Marchioness of Mantua and one of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance as a major cultural and political figure. She was a patron of the arts as well as a leader of fashion, whose innovative style of dressing was copied by numerous women
Isabella d’Este
Father was the leader of the family and made the money while the Mother stayed home and took care of the kids and house
Nuclear Family
property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage
Dowries
Harassing and murdering women who were thought to be followers of Satan
Witch hunts
