2.9-2.10 vocab Flashcards
the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges
Simony
the practice of holding more than one office or church benefice at a time
pluralism
favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs
nepotism
the practice of regularly staying away from work or school without good reason
absenteeism
paying money to the church so that your past sins are forgiven or you are released from purgatory after death
sale of indulgences
Bishops casually enforced regulations regarding education of priest. Many could not read, write, or understand Latin
clerical ignorance
a follower of the 14th century English religious reformer John Wycliffe, believed that the church should aid people to live a life of evangelical poverty and imitate Jesus Christ
Lollards
An essay that was written to criticize Christians for not “imitating Christ”
Erasmus, In Praise of Folly
a philosophy advocating the self-fulfillment of humanity within the framework of Christian principles
Christian humanism
Founder of Lutheranism, kick started the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther
German Dominican friar whose preaching on indulgences, considered by many of his contemporaries to be an abuse of the sacrament of penance, sparked Martin Luther’s reaction
Johann Tetzel
propositions for debate concerned with the question of indulgences, written by Martin Luther
95 Theses
doctrine that says priests are not necessary, all individuals have access to God through Christ
“priesthood of all believers”
An imperial meeting of the Holy Roman Empire, convened to determine how authorities (both political and religious) should respond to Martin Luther’s teachings
Diet of Worms
28 articles presented by Lutheran princes and representatives of “free cities” at the Diet of Augsburg that set forward what the Lutherans believed
Confessions of Augsburg
Holy Roman Emperor during the Protestant Reformation
Charles V
peasant uprising in Germany. Inspired by changes brought by the Reformation, peasants in western and southern Germany invoked divine law to demand agrarian rights and freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords.
German Peasants War
The demands of the peasants in the German Peasants War, asking for human rights and civil liberties
Twelve Articles
a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century
League of Schmalkalden
A treaty between German Princes and Charles V that allowed the state princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their domain and permitted the free emigration of residents who dissented
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
member of a fringe, or radical, movement of the Protestant Reformation and spiritual ancestor of modern Baptists, Mennonites, and Quakers. Adult baptisms
Anabaptists
Jan Matthijs, the leader of Munster’s Anabaptists, proclaimed that anyone who refused to be baptized would be killed
Tragedy at Münster
leader of the church reformation in Switzerland, bible is sole authority says that wine and cracker were only symbolic
Ulrich Zwingli, Zürich
a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation, founder of Calvinists
John Calvin
written by John Calvin, a defining book of the Reformation and a pillar of Protestant theology.
Institutes of the Christian Religion
the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul.
predestination
Calvin set up his model Christian community, was a place of refuge for Protestants
Geneva
the council of cardinals, with or without the Pope
Consistory
He was the first European to correctly describe the function of pulmonary circulation
Michael Servetus
founder of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland
John Knox
Scottish Calvinists and English Protestants who advocated a national church composed of semiautonomous congregations governed by “presbyteries.”
Presbyterianism
French Calvinists
Huguenots
United Provinces of the Netherlands, the rise of Calvinism in the Netherlands as the dominant religion set the stage for a revolt against the Inquisition of King Philip II of “Spain, the Netherlands declared its independence in 1581 (although it would not be officially recognized by all European powers until 1648)
Dutch Reformed Church
a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship
Puritans
the Church of England broke away from the authority of the pope and the Catholic Church, becoming a Protestant nation
English Reformation
Translated the bible into english
William Tyndale
King of England, had 6 wives, started the church of England
Henry VIII
Queen of England, first wife of Henry VIII, gave birth to Mary Tudor
Catherine of Aragon
Queen of England, second wife of Henry VIII, gave birth to Elizabeth Tudor
Anne Boleyn
Leader of the English Reformation
Thomas Cranmer
Started by Henry VIII, was considered Protestant but still had Catholic values
Church of England
Established that English monarchs were the head of the English Church
Act of Supremacy
subjects were ordered to accept the king’s marriage to Anne as undoubted, true, sincere and perfect. Severed all English financial ties to Rome
Act of Succession
affirmed half a dozen key Catholic beliefs and their denial was made punishable by law
Statute of the Six Articles
Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, was the first English king to be raised Protestant
Edward VI
Daughter of Henry VIII, tried to reverse the English Protestant Reformation by killing a ton of Protestants
Mary Tudor
Queen of England and daughter of Henry VIII established Protestantism in England; defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588; maintained peace inside her previously divided country; and created an environment where the arts flourished
Elizabeth I
those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else
politique
Religious settlement that cut all ties between England and Rome, while also defining the church of England
Elizabethan Settlement
the historically defining statements of doctrines and practices of the Church of England with respect to the controversies of the English Reformation
Thirty-Nine Articles
Wife of Martin Luther
Katherina von Bora
Roman Catholic religious order of women who were dedicated to the education of young girls and providing care for the sick and needy
Angela Merici, Ursuline order of Nuns
A Spanish nun who was a mystic and author of spiritual writings and poems. She founded numerous convents throughout Spain and was the originator of the Carmelite Reform that restored a contemplative and austere life to the order
Teresa de Avila
the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. Created the doctrine of Catholic faith and fix many of the abuses in the church
Catholic (Counter) Reformation
e encouraged the beginning of the reform movement that was to affect deeply the Roman Catholic Church in the later 16th century. He called the Council of Trent in 1545
Pope Paul III
addressed church reform and rejected Protestantism, defined the role and canon of scripture and the seven sacraments, and strengthened clerical discipline in education.
Council of Trent
list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality of Catholicism, all Catholics were banned from reading any book on this list
Index of Prohibited Books
religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions, with the approval of Pope Paul III.
Jesuits
Founded the Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola
Main purpose was to combat heresy and used aggressive forms of torture and murder
Spanish and Italian Inquisitions
sometimes defined as the “stylish style” for its emphasis on self-conscious artifice over realistic depiction
Mannerism
best known for his tortuously elongated figures painted in phantasmagorical pigmentation, which almost resembled chalk with its blunt vividness, painted in the mannerism style
El Greco
a cultural and art movement that characterized Europe from the early seventeenth to mid-eighteenth century. emphasizes dramatic, exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted, detail.
Baroque Art
an Italian sculptor and architect. While a major figure in the world of architecture, he was more prominently the leading sculptor of his age, credited with creating the Baroque style of sculpture
Gianlorenzo Bernini
purposefully designed to symbolize, “the mother church of Christianity” and its embracing welcome to the world.
Colonnade in piazza in front of St. Peter’s Basilica
acts as a visual focus within the basilica; it is itself a very large structure and forms a visual mediation between the enormous scale of the building and the human scale of the people officiating at the religious ceremonies at the papal altar beneath its canopy.
St. Peter’s Baldachin
Sculpture that shows the moment St. Teresa was awakened and brought to god
Ecstasy of St. Teresa
where an artist keeps some areas of a painting totally black, allowing one or two areas to be strongly illuminated by comparison
Caravaggio, tenebrismo style
a Flemish artist and diplomat from the Duchy of Brabant in the Southern Netherlands. He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition
Peter Paul Rubens
a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain and Portugal, and of the Spanish Golden Age. He was an individualistic artist of the Baroque period.
Diego Velázquez
an Italian Baroque painter, is considered among the most accomplished seventeenth-century artists, initially working in the style of Caravaggio. She was producing professional work by the age of fifteen
Artemisia Gentileschi
