9.4 Coastal Landscapes Flashcards
brain drain
when educated people leave a region or country to move elsewhere for better economic opportunities
deposition
when a wave loses energy, it drops the sediment it is carrying
hard engineering
A coastal management technique used to protect coasts, by absorbing energy of waves, preventing erosion and flooding. They are highly visible man-made structures used to stop or disrupt natural processes
landform
a natural feature of land
regeneration
the long term upgrading of existing places to increase attractiveness and socio-economic success
soft engineering
where the natural environment is used to help reduce coastal erosion and river flooding
tides
The alternate rising and falling of the sea. Tides are caused by the gravitational force of the Earth, Sun, and Moon
Transportation
The movement of sediment by a wave
What is the difference between a wave and tide
Waves
-created by wind blowing over the surface of the sea
Tide
-caused by the gravitational force of the Sun, Moon and Earth
What is the formation of waves
- Waves are created by wind blowing over the sea’s surface
- As the wind blows over the sea, friction is created, producing a swell in the water
- The energy of the wind causes the swell to rotate
- The size and energy of a wave is influenced by the strength of wind and how long it has been blowing for
- When a wave breaks, water is washed up the beach, swash
6.When the water runs back, this is called backwash
What are the types of waves
Constructive
Deconstructive
Characteristics of a constructive wave
-strong wash and weak backwash
-strong wash brings sediment to build up the beach
-waves are low and further apart
Characteristics of a deconstructive wave
-weak swash and strong backwash
-strong backwash removes sediment from the beach
-waves are steap and closer together
Explain the formation of a sea stack
- Large crack opened up by hydraulic action
- Crack grows into cave by hydraulic action and abrasion
- Cave becomes larger
- Arch is eroded and collapses
- Leaving a tall rock stack
- Stack erodes forming a stump
Hydraulic action
Power of waved as they smash against the cliff, air becomes trapped in the rocks causing them to break
Abrasion
When pebbles grind along a rock platform, over time the rock becomes smooth
C: Describe how the way we use the coast has changed
Tourism began to collapse due to the introduction of package holidays in the 1980s. People chose to fly abroad for cheaper rather than stay at seasides
Linking to brain drain, what has happened to many UK coastal towns?
Many educated people have left deprived seaside towns to move elsewhere for better economic opportunities. Leaving the seaside area more difficult to sustain and be successful
What are some uses of the coast?
tourism
fishing
renewable energy sites
Why did Whitley Bay need regeneration?
Because at the time many of their facilities needed upgrading to increase attractiveness and socio-economic success
How was Whitley Bay regenerated?
Social
-attractive footpaths have been created to make area more accessible
-toilet blocks were refurbished and re-opened, new loos
How was Whitley Bay regenerated?
Economic
-Premiere Inn hotel and Beefeater restaurant opened, creating full and part time jobs
How was Whitley Bay regenerated?
Environmental
-a scheme to strengthen the sea wall and revamo the promenade was complete in May 2019
How can we protect Happisburgh and other rapidly eroding areas?
HE
Hard Engineering
man made structures that control the sea to reduce erosion
How can we protect Happisburgh and other rapidly eroding areas?
SE
Soft Engineering
using knowledge of the sea and it’s processes to reduce the effects of flooding and erosion
Examples of Hard Engineering
Sea Walls
-expensive but effective
-placed at foot of cliff to prevent erosion
Rock Armour
-large boulders placed at foot of cliff, breaking waves
-cheaper than sea walls
Examples of Soft Engineering
Beach Nourishment
-sand is pumped on existing beaches to build them up
Reprofiling
-sediment is moved from lower to upper beach
-cheap and reduces energy of waves
