9.3 What is the role of global governance in conflict? Flashcards
9.3 What is the role of global governance in conflict?
Key idea ⮕ Global governance provides a framework to regulate the challenge of conflict.
How challenges to sovereignty and territorial integrity can be a cause of conflict
There are many challenges to sovereignty and/or territorial integrity, which lead to conflict. Patterns of conflict throughout the world are represented by the Global Peace Index.
Challenges to sovereignty and/or territorial integrity, which lead to conflict arise when
-Citizens are treated unjustly or groups of citizens have limited representation in government.
-There is competition for the same, or scarce, resources such as water supplies, agricultural land or oil.
-People seek autonomy, independence and self- determination if suppressed or marginalised by a state government.
-Government fails to protect its citizens from violation of human rights.
-People’s religious or political beliefs, on which their identity depends, conflict or they are persecuted.
There are differing ethnic identities and ethnic conflict within a state.
-A government, through poor management or deliberate policy, fails to supply people’s basic human needs.
Global Peace Index (How challenges to sovereignty and territorial integrity can be a cause of conflict)
A measure of the level of peace in a nation based on 23 indicators. A map can be used to show changes in global patterns of peace over time is produced by the Institute for Economics and Peace. The index is composite, based on 23 indicators, grouped into three main categories:
-Level of safety and security in a society.
-Number of international and domestic conflicts.
-Degree of militarisation.
Composite index
Grouping of equities, indexes or other factors combined in a standardized way, providing a useful statistical measure of overall market or sector performance over time.
Natural resources: water supply conflict, Kashmir
Page 278.
The United Nations and its role in regulating conflict and in reproducing the global system of sovereign nation-states
In regulating conflict, the UN aims to:
-Achieve worldwide peace and security.
-Develop good relations between nations.
-Foster co-operation among nations.
Pages 278-279.
The UN Security Council and its role in regulating conflict and in reproducing the global system of sovereign nation-states
The UN Charter gives the Security Council primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. There are a number of ways in which the UN does so. Most of these practices have become difficult to achieve in the 21st century; preventative diplomacy and mediation are therefore increasingly important.
The United Nations
The UN, founded in 1945, is an international organisation of elected member states. Its headquarters is in New York City, but its historic home is the Palais des Nations, Geneva. Formerly housing the League of Nations, overlooking Lake Geneva in Switzerland, today it houses the Offices of the High Commissioner of Human Rights (OHCHR) and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).
How the UN maintains international peace and security
-Preventative diplomacy and mediation.
-Peacekeeping.
-Peacebuilding.
-Counter-terrorism.
-Treaty-making.
-Disarmament.
-Upholding international law.
-Delivering humanitarian aid.
-Promoting sustainable development.
-Settling disputes between states via International Court of Justice.
North Atlantic Treaty and its role in regulating conflict and in reproducing the global system of sovereign nation-states
-Politically: NATO promotes democratic values and encourages consultation and co-operation on defence and security issues to help prevent conflict.
-Militarily: NATO attempts to achieve peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic measures are ineffective, it has the military capacity and mandate needed to undertake crisis management operations either alone or in co-operation with other countries and international organisations.
The North Atlantic Treaty
NATO is an alliance of European and North American countries. Its purpose is to safeguard the freedom and security of its 28 members through political and military means.
European Union and its role in regulating conflict and in reproducing the global system of sovereign nation-states
After the Second World War, the aim of the EU was to foster economic co-operation on the understanding that international trade between member countries would enhance economic interdependence, making them more likely to avoid conflict.
In addition, today the EU has an important security role, providing forces from member states on an ad hoc basis for rapid response operations. It also has many institutional bodies through which it aims to regulate conflict by its policies.
Pages 279-280.
EU policies specifically linked to conflict
-Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.
-Common Security and Defence Policy.
-European Neighbourhood Policy.
Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (EU policies specifically linked to conflict)
-Preserve peace and international security.
-Promote international co-operation.
-Develop and consolidate respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, rule of law and democracy.
Common Security and Defence Policy (EU policies specifically linked to conflict)
-Joint disarmament operations.
-Humanitarian and rescue tasks.
-Military advice and assistance.
-Conflict prevention and peacekeeping.
-Crisis management, including peace-making and post-conflict stabilisation.
European Neighbourhood Policy (EU policies specifically linked to conflict)
The Eastern Partnership is a key element of EU foreign relations in which the EU aims to co-operate with its close neighbour states in Eastern Europe in terms of security, stability and prosperity.
Non-government organisations and its role in regulating conflict and in reproducing the global system of sovereign nation-states
International civil society organisations (CSOs), including NGOs, intervene in many different ways in conflict zones. They work in co-operation with global institutions, national and local governments and citizens resident in local communities within the conflict zones.
They provide humanitarian relief including health care, medicines, education, food and water. Their work involves monitoring and early warning of new violence; direct mediation and open dialogue between adversarial parties; strengthening local institutions, rule of law and democratic processes; and reinforcing ‘in the field’ an increasing number of norms, treaties and laws.
Page 280.
Treaties and its role in regulating conflict and in reproducing the global system of sovereign nation-states
Many multilateral treaties have been adopted by the UN. One example relating to conflict is ‘The Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction’. By 2015, 162 countries had signed up to this legally binding agreement. It remains open to ratification by the others, which include the USA, Russia, China and India.
Page 280.
Treaty
A treaty, or convention, is a written international agreement between two or more states and/or international organisations. States that sign and ratify treaty are bound to it by international law.
Laws and its role in regulating conflict and in reproducing the global system of sovereign nation-states
International law defines responsibilities of states in their conduct with each other and treatment of their citizens. In terms of conflict, there are laws relating to human rights, disarmament, refugees, nationality issues, treatment of prisoners, use of force and conduct of war.
Pages 280-281.
Norms and its role in regulating conflict and in reproducing the global system of sovereign nation-states
Cyber conflict is an increasing threat to sovereignty. Microsoft has assumed responsibility for the issue of cybersecurity. By creating cybersecurity norms for state governments it has attempted to limit potential conflict in cyberspace. This is expected to bring stability and security to the international environment in our increasingly globally connected society.
The role of flows of people in geopolitical intervention
The flows of people are an integral part of the global governance of conflict. Attempts by the international community to intervene and provide assistance in conflict zones include UN missions and the involvement of regional organisations plus the work of NGOs. These all require movement of personnel into conflict zones, donated by member states.
The role of flows of money in geopolitical intervention
The flows of money are an integral part of the global governance of conflict. Attempts by the international community to intervene and provide assistance in conflict zones include UN missions and the involvement of regional organisations plus the work of NGOs. These all require the transfer of finances, donated by member states.
The role of flows of ideas in geopolitical intervention
Planning and executing intervention involves exchange of ideas. The sharing of good practice, co-ordination of strategies and flows of intelligence are essential for effective governance of conflict. Flows of ideas and information are a feature of bilateral meetings of governments, regional council meetings, UN conferences and discussion at the General Assembly.
The role of flows of technology in geopolitical intervention
There is increasing dependence on technology in peacekeeping. The advanced technology of the military such as satellite imagery, remotely controlled drones and weaponry is used for surveillance and air strikes.
