9.2. Travel Related Infections - Malaria Flashcards
Where are most cases if Malaria found?
Central Belt of the World:
1. South America
2. Africa
3. South Asia
What is the life cycle of Malaria?
- A Mosquito injects Sporozoite into a human
- The Sporozoites travel into the liver and divide to form Merozoites
- The Merozoites undergo meiosis in the Red Blood Cells and stay there
- Red Blood Cells are then sucked into the Mosquito
- The male and female gametes form Zygotes
- The Zygotes release Sporoziotes in the Mosquito
What are the 5 species of Malaria?
- Plasmodium Falciparum
- Plasmodium Vivax
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
Which of the 5 species of Malaria are:
1. Potentially Severe?
2. Benign?
- Plasmodium Falciparum
- a) Plasmodium Vivax
- b) Plasmodium Ovale
- c) Plasmodium Malariae
- d) Plasmodium Knowlesi
What are the Clinical Signs of Malaria?
- None
- Splenomegally
- Hepatomegally
- Mild Jaundice
What are the Clinical Symptoms of Malaria?
- Fever / Rigors
- Aching Bones
- Abdominal Pain
- Headache
- Dysuria / Altered Frequency
- Sore Throat
- Cough
What are the complications of Malaria?
- Cerebral Malaria (Encephalopathy)
- Blackwater Fever
- Pulmonary Oedema
- Jaundice
- Severe Anaemia
- Algid Malaria (Gram Negatie Septicaemia)
How is Malaria Diagnosed?
- Thick and Thin Blood Films
- Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)
- Rapid Antigen Test
What 2 types of Blood Films are used?
- Giemsa
- Feild’s Stain
What does a Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) involve?
- Centrifugation
- UV Microscopy
What are the 2 Rapid Antigen Tests used to diagnose Malaria?
- OptiMal
- ParaSight-F
What are the Criteria in the Severity Assesment of Malaria?
Note - Complicated Malaria is 1 or more of this list
- Impaired Consciousness or Seizures
- Hypoglycaemia
- Parasite Count > 2%
- Haemoglobin <8mg/dL
- Spontaneous Bleeding
- Haemoglobinuria
- Renal Impairment / pH < 7.3
- Pulmonary Oedema or ARDS
- Shock (Algid Malaria (Gram Negative Bacteraemia))
What drugs are used to treat Uncomplicated P. Falciparum Malaria?
- Riamet for 3 days
- Eurartesim for 3 days
- Malarone for 3 days
- Quinine for 7 days
- Oral Doxycycline (or Cindamycin)
What drugs are used to treat Complicated P. Falciparum Malaria?
- I.V. Quinine
- Oral Doxycycline (or Cindamycin)
What drugs are used to treat Uncomplicated Malaria, caused by the benign 4 species?
- Chloroquine for 3 days
- Riamet for 3 days
- Primaquine for 14 days (in P. Vivax and P. Ovale)
