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Cat B- Mod 9 Human Factors > 9.2 Human Performance and Limitations > Flashcards

9.2 Human Performance and Limitations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The clear window at the front of the eyeball. Responsible for 70-80% of the focusing.

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2
Q

What is the iris?

A

It controls the amount of light that enters by varying the pupil.

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3
Q

What is the lens?

A

Achieves final focusing by movement of the ciliary muscles.

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4
Q

What is the change of the shape of the lens called?

A

Accomodation

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5
Q

What can affect accomodation?

A

Fatigue and ageing.

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6
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

The sharpness of vision.

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7
Q

What is found in the retina?

A

Cones and rods.

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8
Q

Where do cones function well and what ability do they give?

A

Well lit conditions, and the ability to identify over 1000 colours.

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9
Q

Rods can’t detect colour but what do they give?

A

Peripheral vision, due to being able to detect movement on the edges of vision.

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10
Q

What is the central area of the retina known as?

A

The fovea, made up of cones.

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11
Q

How does a visual image reach the brain?

A

Light stimulates the cells and passes the electrical impulses by way of the optic nerve to the cortex in the brain.

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12
Q

What happens where the optic nerve joins the back of the eye?

A

There is a blind spot.

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13
Q

How many nerve cells are there in the eye?

A

1.2 million.

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14
Q

How many times more sensitive is the eye compared to the ear?

A

24 times.

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15
Q

How is visual acuity tested?

A

Snellen chart.

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16
Q

What happens to the visual acuity as the angular distance from the fovea increases?

A

As little as 5 degrees drops acuity by 50%.

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17
Q

What can affect visual acuity?

A

Myopia/Hypermetropia (Short/Long)
Age
Foreign substances
Environmental (light, clarity).

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18
Q

What is hypermetropia?

A

Shorter than normal eyeball causing the image to be formed behind the retina (long sighted).

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19
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

As a person ages the lens becomes less flexible. It’s a form of long sightedness.

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20
Q

Hypoxia reduces the sensitivity of the rods, what is it?

A

The effect of foreign substances on the eye, it causes less oxygen to be carried in the blood.

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21
Q

How long does it take the cones and rods to adjust to low light?

A

Cones- 7 minutes
Rods- 50 minutes

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22
Q

How long should contact lenses be worn for?

A

8-12 hours max.

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23
Q

Why is good colour vision important for engineers?

A

Recognising and Distinguishing.

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24
Q

Colour blindness effects 8% of men, what percentage of woman?

A

0.5%

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25
Q

With ageing what happens to the lens colour?

A

It yellows, affecting the blue yellow colour range.

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26
Q

What CAA leaflet gives guidance on eyesight requirements?

A

CAP 562 Leaflet H60

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27
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Clouding of the lens

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28
Q

What are the two functions of the ear?

A

Hearing and balance/sensing acceleration.

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29
Q

What are the three divisions of the ear?

A

Outer, middle and inner.

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30
Q

What is the outer ear responsible for?

A

Directing sound down the auditory canal and onto the eardrum.

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31
Q

What does the middle ear do?

A

Transmits vibrations through three small bones called the ossicles to the fluid of the inner ear.

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32
Q

What are the names of the three ossicles?

A

Hammer, anvil and stirrup.

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33
Q

The middle ear has two muscles that protect from noises above 80db. How does it do it and by how much does it reduce the noise level?

A

Acoustic and aural reflex, reduces the noise by up to 20db.

34
Q

How is the air in the middle ear refreshed?

A

The eustachian tube.

35
Q

What is the inner ear filled with?

A

Fluid.

36
Q

The last of the ossicles in the middle ear is connected to what in the inner ear?

A

The cochlea.

37
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

An area containing a fine membrane covered in hair like cells, they detect movement in the fluid.

38
Q

What is the cochlea membrane called?

A

Basilar membrane.

39
Q

What is the typical range a young person can hear?

A

20 to 20,000 Hz

40
Q

Where is the greatest sensitivity in the hearing range?

A

3000 Hz

41
Q

What impacts can noise have in the workplace?

A

Annoying
Interfere with comms
Be fatiguing
Damage hearing

42
Q

What did the Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005 replace?

A

Noise at Work Regs 1989

43
Q

What are some of the key points in the Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005?

A

Employer to provide protection at 85db
Risk assessments at 80db
Exposure limit 87db when protection is on

44
Q

What is a noise dose?

A

The combination of duration and intensity.

45
Q

How much do ear plugs and ear defenders reduce db respectfully?

A

Plugs 20db
Defenders 40db

46
Q

Degree of hearing impairment is influenced by the intensity of noise, what is this known as?

A

Noise Induced Hearing Loss

47
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Age related hearing loss.

48
Q

What is the test for an engineers hearing?

A

The ability to hear an average conversational voice in a room at 2 metres.

49
Q

What is information processing?

A

Process of receiving information through the senses, analysing it and making it meaningful.

50
Q

What forms can attention take?

A

Selective
Divided
Focused
Sustained

51
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Monitoring several sources of information and choosing which is more important.

52
Q

What is divided attention?

A

One task suffers at the expense of the other, known as time sharing.

53
Q

What is focused attention?

A

Focusing on one source of information.

54
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

Long term attention.

55
Q

What is perception?

A

The process of assembling sensations into a usable mental representation of the world.

56
Q

How can decision making be defined?

A

Thinking, problem solving and judgement.

57
Q

What are good decisions based on?

A

Knowledge supplemented by written information, procedures and observations.

58
Q

What is short term memory also known as?

A

Working memory.

59
Q

What two types of ultra short memory are there?

A

Iconic memory- visual
Echoic memory- auditory

60
Q

Is long term memory unlimited?

A

Yes.

61
Q

What are the two classes of long term memory?

A

Semantic- factual
Episodic- past experiences

62
Q

What is it believed a persons episodic memory is influenced by?

A

Their expectations of what should have happened.

63
Q

What is a motor programme?

A

An organised series of movements made up of sub routines.

64
Q

What is an example of a motor programme?

A

Driving a car.

65
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

Changes that take place in your brain as you continuously experience and adapt to the world.

66
Q

What is situational awareness?

A

Synthesis of an accurate and up to date ‘mental model’ of the environment.

67
Q

What helps situational awareness?

A

Feedback, tells us how accurate the mental model and their predictive power.

68
Q

What does the ability to project a system status backwards allow?

A

Effective fault finding and diagnostic behavior.

69
Q

What three things can situational awareness for an aircraft engineer be divided into?

A

Status of the system
Relationship between defect/rectification
Possible effect on other systems

70
Q

What is context?

A

The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement or idea.

71
Q

What is the influence of expectation?

A

Where you only see what you expect to see, this can lead to things being missed or seen when not there.

72
Q

Which type of memory is susceptible to interference?

A

Short term

73
Q

What is sensory storage also known as?

A

Ultra-Short term memory.

73
Q

In the event of claustrophobia, heights, poor lighting etc, what must a manager and employee do?

A

Employee must avoid these situations that cause issues where possible for safety, and the manager is responsible for making the job as comfortable as possible.

73
Q

How can short term memory be enhanced?

A

Splitting memory into chunks, i.e. a phone number.

74
Q

How much information can short term memory store?

A

5-9 items for 10 to 20 seconds.

74
Q

What three processes does memory depend on?

A

Registration
Storage
Retrieval

75
Q

What is Visual Acuity?

A

The eyes ability to perceive sharp detail at varying distances.

76
Q

How long is visual information stored in the iconic memory?

A

Half a second.

77
Q

How long are sounds stored in the echoic memory?

A

Two seconds.

78
Q
A

Cat B- Mod 9 Human Factors (9 decks)

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