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EES 152 Bob Booth > 9.15. (10/21) Population Genetics & Competition > Flashcards

9.15. (10/21) Population Genetics & Competition Flashcards

1
Q

What is p?

A

frequency of one allele

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2
Q

what is q?

A

frequency of a second allele

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3
Q

How can we calculate the frequency of genotypes in a population in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium? What does this do?

A

(p+q)^2 = p^2+2pq+q^2= 1.0
- allowing random mating to happen

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4
Q

What is p+q=1.0?

A

The Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium for a population

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5
Q

What are the necessary conditions to maintain constant allele frequencies in a population?

A
  1. random mating
  2. no mutations
  3. large population size b/c we don’t want genetic drift
  4. no immigration b/c new alleles can be introduced or there can be different frequencies
  5. equal fitness (no natural selection, probability of surviving and reproducing)
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6
Q

Why do we care about the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A
  • it is the null model of evolution
  • by defining the narrow range of conditions necessary for evolution to be unexpected, the large potential for evolutionary change was demonstrated
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7
Q

What is Ne?

A

effective population size

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8
Q

What is effective population size?

A
  • the average size of a population in terms of the number of individuals that can contribute genes equally to the next generation
  • the actual number of individuals that can equally pass on genes to the next generation
  • less than actual population
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9
Q

what are some problems associated with small populations?

A
  • loss of genetic variability
  • inbreeding depression
  • genetic drift
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10
Q

How is Ne different than N?

A

Ne is much lower than the census population because
1. fluctuating population sizes through time
2. unequal number of females and males

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11
Q

What is the equation for a Ne of fluctuating population size?

A

1/Ne= 1/t(1/N0+1/N1+1/Nt-1)
*typically estimated as the harmonic mean of the actual size of each generation

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12
Q

What is the equation for Ne when there is an unequal number of females and males?

A

N=4NfNm/Nf+Nm
*Nf & Nm are the numbers of females and males in the population

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13
Q

What is Tansley’s classic competition study?

A
  • A.G. Tansley, British
  • experimentally demonstrate competition between closely related species and their implications for predicting where organisms occur
  • two galium species
  • one liked acid, organic-rich, peaty soil the other liked limestone, basic soil
  • can the two species germinate on either soil?
  • then grew them together
  • when grown in mixture, each species overgrew and shaded the other on its preferred soil type
  • disadvantage in competition
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14
Q

What has been concluded from Tansley’s experiment?

A
  1. the presence/absence of species can be determined by competition with other species
  2. environment can affect the outcome of the competition
  3. competition may be felt very broadly throughout the community
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15
Q

What is competition?

A

use or defense of a resource by one individual that reduces the availability of that resource to other individuals

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16
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A
  • within species
  • what regulates population growth
  • reduces resources
  • promotes evolutionary change
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17
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A
  • two different species
  • depresses populations of both competitors
  • may lead to the elimination of one species
  • potentially important in determining coexistence
  • gives the upper hand to the more efficient species
18
Q

what resources result in competition?

A
  • open space for sessile organisms
  • hiding places and other safe sites
    *consumed
    *conditions are not
19
Q

What is Liebig’s Law of the minimum? Why is it wrong?

A
  • one resource/nutrient will become limiting to the growth of individuals in a population
  • various nutrients may interact in a synergistic fashion to promote plant growth
20
Q

What does synergistic mean?

A

two things working together to produce a combined effect greater than when they are alone

21
Q

What is self-thinning?

A

process of ecological succession
* intraspecific competition

22
Q

What is a phase-space diagram?

A
  • dots move in time
  • arrows
  • high to low number of individuals, but when low high amount of total biomass (in each individual)
  • regardless of starting factors, the end product is the same
23
Q

What is exploitation competition?

A

individuals are competing indirectly through their mutual effects on some resource
*common

24
Q

what is interference competition? What are some examples?

A

when individuals antagonistically interact with each other to defend a resource
*requires that resources can be profitably defended
*hummingbird exclude
*sponges use poisonous chemicals
** bacteria and fungi release poisonous chemicals

25
Q

what is allelopathy?

A

the release of toxic chemicals/flammable oil to decrease the chance of other species settling in the area/ depress the growth of competitors

26
Q

what is migration?

A

movements between subpopulations

27
Q

what is emigration?

A

leaving a subpopulation

28
Q

What is immigration?

A

entering a subpopulation

29
Q

How do we monitor dispersal?

A
  • mobile organisms must be marked and recaptured
  • large areas must be covered in order to ensure an adequate sampling of movements
30
Q

what is average lifetime dispersal distance?

A

looking at all the individuals in a population, determining how far they moved in their lifetime, and averaging it

31
Q

What is lifetime dispersal area?

A
  • estimate
  • potential
  • take the average dispersal distance, make it the radius of a circle, and calculate its area
32
Q

what is neighborhood size?

A
  • counting all the individuals that are in the average lifetime dispersal area
  • individuals could interact/ mate with others in this area
33
Q

what is the genetic variability of the collared dove populations in turkey vs the british isles?

A
  • it is lower in turkey
  • founder events drove the migrations
34
Q

what is preserved in the sediments of lakes and peatlands that helps understand range changes in response to climate change? How?

A
  • tree movement record
  • Anoxic environments allowed for the accumulation of pollen/leaves/seeds in the basins of the trees that grew in the vicinity
  • networks of pollen and macrofossil records (C14 dating) could be used to reconstruct patterns of post-glacial migration
  • pollen chemically like rubber (even in rock records)
35
Q

what is the difference between natural selection and evolution?

A

natural selection acts on individuals where evolution acts on populations

36
Q

what does homozygous mean?

A
37
Q

what does heterozygous mean?

A
38
Q

how do we find the frequency of S and A alleles in a population?

A

S= (frequency of SS) + 1/2 (frequency of SA
A= (frequency of AA) + 1/2 (frequency of SA)

39
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A

in the absence of evolutionary forces, the allele frequencies in a population remain constant over time

40
Q

what does the Hardy-Weinberg principle assume?

A
  • random mating
  • the probability of any two alleles coming together is determined by their frequency

EES 152 Bob Booth (16 decks)

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