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EES 152 Bob Booth > 1.1. (8/26) Ecology, species, Categorization > Flashcards

1.1. (8/26) Ecology, species, Categorization Flashcards

1
Q

sample mean

A

add values divide by total number of values

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2
Q

sample variance

A

n/n-1 times [(square each value and add them together/n) - sample mean)]

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3
Q

What are the unique processes that are examined when taking the individual approach to studying ecology?

A
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4
Q

What are the unique processes that are examined when taking the population approach to studying ecology?

A
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5
Q

What are the unique processes that are examined when taking the community approach to studying ecology?

A
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6
Q

What are the unique processes that are examined when taking the ecosystem approach to studying ecology?

A
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7
Q

What is unique about water with regard to how temperature affects its density?

A
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8
Q

Describe how ecological systems are governed by physical and biological principles.

A

energy moves and is recycled, dynamic steady states

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9
Q

What does it mean when we say that ecological systems are in a dynamic steady state?

A
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10
Q

What are the three conditions required for evolution by natural selection to occur?

A
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11
Q

what does ecology mean?

A

-the study of one’s surroundings
- the study of the interactions of organisms and their environment
- the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions that determine them
- the movement of energy through and cycle of matter within a system (system approach)

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12
Q

How is environment defined?

A

physical, chemical, temperature, light, nutrient availability, biotic, predation, disease, competition

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13
Q

What kinds of questions are asked to determine distribution and abundance?

A

How are organisms distributed across the landscape? why does one species live in this place and not another? What process controls where we find things?

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14
Q

what does ecology cover?

A
  • descriptions of structure: any observable pattern
  • functional understanding of the world around us: processes that underly observable structure
  • evolutionary understanding of function and structure: WHY these patterns and emergence
  • apply knowledge to resource management and conservation: document, explain, manage, design, predict systems
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15
Q

What is life?

A
  • Homeostasis
  • response to stimuli
  • ability to reproduce
  • requires energy
  • passing on genetic code
  • evolution by natural selection
  • take in energy
  • get rid of waste
  • grow and develop
  • respond and evolve to environment
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16
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

natural state, equilibrium

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17
Q

What are the cell differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  • Prokaryotes: no nucleus for DNA. no specialized internal structures
  • differences in cell wall
  • Eukaryotes: nucleus, specialized internal structures
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18
Q

What are the two kinds of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea (genetically and molecularly different)

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria?

A
  • single-celled without nucleus
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20
Q

Domains

A
  • highest level of life classification
  • three groups: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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21
Q

Archaea

A

single-celled, extreme environments

22
Q

Eukarya

A

nucleus

23
Q

Why are prokaryotes important ecologically?

A
  • shape, structure, and change how an ecosystem works
  • diverse
  • biochemical specialists
24
Q

What are the kingdoms under eukaryotes?

A
  • protists
  • red algae
  • green algae
  • plants
  • fungi
  • animals
25
Q

What are the characteristics of protists? who falls under this group?

A
  • single-celled
  • diverse
  • membrane-bound nucleus
  • protists (protozoa, algae, molds) red algae, green algae
26
Q

Who does photosynthesis?

A

plants and protests and eubacteria

27
Q

what are fungi and animals?

A

heterotrophs

28
Q

what are heterotrophs

A

require organic carbon for energy

29
Q

what do fungi focus on?

A
  • dead materials
  • decomposers
30
Q

What is mutualism

A

engage in a cooperative effort to make a living

31
Q

which organism is an example of mutualism?

A

lichen: green algae and fungus

32
Q

what is the lichen structure?

A

fungal hyphae, algal cells (photosynthesis), loose hyphae, lower level of tight hyphae, substratum

33
Q

how do the different components of the lichen benefit from mutualism?

A

fungus: nutrients once dead
green algae: protection

34
Q

What is the detailed filing system?

A

domain -> kingdom -> phylum -> class -> order -> family -> genus -> species

35
Q

How are species named?

A

binomial nomenclature (two names)

36
Q

Describe the parts of binomial nomenclature

A
  • italicized
  • genus is first word
  • first word capitalized
37
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

field of science focused on the identification of species on Earth

38
Q

What are the three different ways we define a species?

A

biological, morphological, genetic/molecular

39
Q

What is the biological definition of species?

A

groups of individuals that can potentially breed in the wild with fertile offspring

40
Q

What is the morphological definition of species?

A

internally, functionally, and biochemically distinct from others in an important way

41
Q

What is the genetic/molecular definition of species?

A

distinct sequencing and enzymes

42
Q

Why does it matter how we define a species?

A

conservation

43
Q

what is polyploidy?

A

when chromosomes are doubled in offspring from gametes (meiosis) production

44
Q

What is hybridization?

A

polyploidy produces enough distinct offspring that can reproduce

45
Q

How many angiosperm species originated by hybridization?

A

70%

46
Q

what is an angiosperm species?

A

plants that flower

47
Q

How do microorganisms reproduce?

A

asexual

48
Q

what is horizontal gene transfer?

A

individuals come together swap genetic material and go on to asexually split

49
Q

How are microorganism species delineated?

A

30% arbitrary threshold for similarity

50
Q

How many species exist? why can we never know? how many have been classified?

A

8-9 million, extinction, 1/3 - 1%`

EES 152 Bob Booth (11 decks)

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