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EES 152 Bob Booth > 7.13. (10/9) Population Structure and Distribution > Flashcards

7.13. (10/9) Population Structure and Distribution Flashcards

1
Q

What are subpopulations?

A

some amount of geographic barrier between them

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2
Q

where do populations exist?

A

heterogeneous (different) landscapes

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3
Q

what does population mean?

A

individuals of the same species living in a particular area

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4
Q

What does subpopulation isolation depend on?

A

distances between, nature of intervening environment, mobility of the species

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5
Q

what is a metapopulation?

A

a group of subpopulations that are separated but rely on the exchange of individuals (genetic flow)

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6
Q

What is the mark and recapture method?

A

go into a system, collect individuals, mark them, release them, come back later, and count how many you recollected that were marked vs not marked
*can be done without actually capturing and marking species because of the special markings found on the animal (photographic)

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7
Q

How do you compute with mark-recapture?

A

initial sample with M number of marked individuals, recaptured sample the size of n, containing x marked individuals, population size N
N = nM/x

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8
Q

What assumptions are made with the mark-recapture method?

A
  • equal probability of capture
  • no birth/immigration increase
  • marked and unmarked individuals are dying and emigrating at the same rate
  • no markings were erased or lost
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9
Q

What is the relationship between species size and density?

A

density declines with increasing size

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10
Q

What trend do plants demonstrate when it comes to size and density?

A

they range in size during their life causing density to change accordingly

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11
Q

In what ways do populations constantly change?

A

numbers of individuals, age distribution, sex ratio, death and birth rate

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12
Q

What are life tables?

A

they track number of surviving individuals and number of individuals that die

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13
Q

What is a cohort table? What are some advantages and disadvantages of this method?

A
  • tracking a small group of organisms from birth until they die
  • all cohort individuals must be marked
  • most reliable
  • some organisms live longer than humans
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14
Q

What is a static life table? What are some advantages and disadvantages of this method?

A
  • determining the age at death of a large number of individuals
  • you see a picture
  • must be able to estimate age upon death
  • less reliable
  • individuals belong to different cohorts
  • easier to do
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15
Q

What is age distribution? What are some advantages and disadvantages of this method?

A
  • how many are alive at different age levels
  • looks at the current population structure
  • must precisely gage individuals
  • constructed with current data
  • examines total population
  • can be displayed as an age pyramid
  • must be able to age individuals accurately
  • don’t have to wait for birth or death
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16
Q

how are survivors plotted per 1000 births?

A

on a log scale

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17
Q

what does a type I survivorship curve look like?

A

juveniles don’t die easily, but death increases with age
* humans

18
Q

What is a type II survivorship curve?

A

linear, constant probability of dying no matter how old you are
*good determinate: if offspring and adults are the same size
*some birds and turtles

19
Q

What is a type III survivorship curve?

A

high mortality at a young age but once past a certain age the chances of dying are low
*fish, sea turtles, octopus

20
Q

What does the age distribution of a population reflect?

A
  • history of survival
  • reproduction
  • potential for future growth
21
Q

What does an abundance of young individuals suggest?

A

the population is increasing

22
Q

What does an equal amount ages in a population mean?

A

stable

23
Q

What does an absence of young individuals suggest?

A

the population is declining

24
Q

What does knowing the age structure of a population provide?

A
  • if a population is growing, stable, or declining
  • historical periods of high or low birth/death rates
25
Q

What is climate space?

A

combination of climate variables where a species occurs

26
Q

what is geographic range?

A

distribution of species

27
Q

how does the physical environment limit the geographic distribution of species?

A
  • species cannot tolerate the full range of earth’s environments
  • energy usage is limited for organisms
  • energy cost of adapting to environmental variation is too much sometimes
28
Q

Apart from biological/biotic and physical factors, what else affects distribution?

A

competition

29
Q

What scale does competition affect? Climate? What is the spatial-dependent distribution like?

A
  • competition at the small spatial scale
  • climate at the geographic scale
  • distribution is scale-dependent (space matters)
  • factors that control geographic range are different than the factors controlling distribution in a region/finer scale
30
Q

What is dispersion?

A
  • where individuals are relative to each other at a small spatial scale
  • individuals within a population describes their spacing with respect to one another
31
Q

What is the clumped pattern?

A

individuals can be found in clumps

32
Q

What is the evenly spaced pattern?

A

individuals maintain a minimum distance from others
* if we know the location of one individual we can predict the location of every other individual

33
Q

What is the random pattern?

A
  • not relatively spaced to the other
  • individuals distributed independently of others within a homogeneous area
  • equal probability of occurring anywhere
34
Q

What causes different dispersions?

A
  • social interactions
  • structure of the physical environment
  • distribution of resources
35
Q

What causes the even spacing pattern?

A
  • competition for limited resources
  • territorial
  • direct interactions
  • maintenance of minimum distance
36
Q

What causes the random pattern?

A

when there are neutral interactions between the individuals and their local environment
*less heterogeneity of resources across space

37
Q

What causes the clumped pattern?

A

-social predisposition
- clumped distribution of resources
- progeny not able to disperse far or don’t have that tendency

38
Q

What causes different dispersion patterns?

A

social interactions within population, structure of physical environment

39
Q

Why is the creosote bush unique in terms of distribution?

A

their distribution changes over time
- clumped at a young age (safe sites)
- after some time competition becomes fierce, so distribution becomes random as they die
- at adulthood: higher mortality when close to neighbors causing a more even distribution
- compete for water at the roots (4%)

40
Q

Aspens

A
  • large clones
  • connected underground
  • send up shoots
41
Q
A

EES 152 Bob Booth (16 decks)

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