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EES 152 Bob Booth > 2.4. (9/4) Oceans, lakes, streams, & wetlands > Flashcards

2.4. (9/4) Oceans, lakes, streams, & wetlands Flashcards

1
Q

What is turnover time?

A

the time required for the entire volume of a reservoir to be renewed

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2
Q

what is the turnover time for the atmosphere?

A

9 days

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3
Q

What is the turnover time for rivers?

A

12 days

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4
Q

What is the turnover time for the ocean?

A

8,000 years

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5
Q

How much of the Earth’s surface is covered by water?

A

71%

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6
Q

How is the water divided amongst oceans, polar ice caps and glaciers, and freshwater?

A

97% in ocean
2% in polar ice caps and glaciers
1% in lakes, streams, and ground water

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7
Q

How do we classify aquatic systems?

A

with physical and chemical factors like flow, depth, and salinity

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8
Q

What are the reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle?

A
  • ocean is the largest
  • smallest in atmosphere (quickly regenerated)
  • large amount in ice
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9
Q

What is ocean diversity based on?

A

Depth, distance from continent, latitude

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10
Q

Where are most species found?

A

continental shelf, shallow water, near land, 8% of total ocean area

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11
Q

What is the intertidal zone?

A

inundation by tides, different species are found along tidal gradient
- defined by highest and lowest tide

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12
Q

What is the neritic zone?

A

beyond intertidal zone to continental zone
-productive

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13
Q

What is the oceanic zone?

A

everything else
- photic and aphotic zone

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14
Q

what is the photic zone?

A

where light penetrates
- depth of light penetration

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15
Q

What is the aphotic zone?

A

light does not reach this area

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16
Q

How do oceanic conditions vary?

A

temperature, depth, current, substrate, tides

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17
Q

What is another factor that decides how light travels?

A

particle concentrations

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18
Q

Why are there chemical differences at certain depths

A

temperature -> solubility of gasses
* decreased solubility as temperature rises

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19
Q

What are the abyssal and hadal zones?

A
  • deeper than 3000 m
  • bioluminescent creatures
  • scarce prey
  • high diversity
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20
Q

Why can we find the highest salinity in subtropics?

A

when evaporation exceeds precipitation
- melting of freshwater ice at higher latitudes
- landlocked dry areas like the Mediterranean

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21
Q

How does salinity vary in the open ocean?

A

34 ppt to 36.5 ppt

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22
Q

What are the most important organisms?

A

photosynthetic phytoplankton (1/4)

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23
Q

What occurs near undersea hot springs?

A

chemosynthesis

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24
Q

What are two prominent shallow-water ecosystems?

A

(coral) reefs and kelp beds
*productive and diverse

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25
Q

Describe coral reefs

A
  • thousands of species (only some build reefs)
  • reef building is important: provide habitat
  • eat zooplankton
  • gain their color from algae living in symbiosis with them
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26
Q

describe kelp forests

A
  • similar to terrestrial forest
  • canopy reaches ocean surface
  • diverse
27
Q

Where can we find coral reefs and kelp beds?

A

corals: everywhere
coral reefs: warm, clear water (nutrient-poor)
kelp: mid-latitudes, cooler water (<20*C), rocky shores

28
Q

Describe the intertidal zone

A
  • adapted to handle various water exposures
  • distribution and abundance affected by waves and tides
  • air and salinity tolerances
29
Q

What is zonation?

A

different organisms found along tidal gradient

30
Q

What are estuaries?

A

where saltwater meets freshwater
- brackish water
- tidal salt marshes
- an influx of nutrients
- highly productive

31
Q

Why is there vertical variability in estuaries?

A

in salinity
- salt water is more dense

32
Q

How much of the world’s freshwater in located in the Great Lakes?

A

20%

33
Q

How are lakes structured?

A

littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic

34
Q

What is the littoral zone?

A
  • edge
  • shallow zone with rooted vegetation
  • defined by where the plants stop
35
Q

What is the limnetic zone?

A
  • open water in middle
36
Q

What is the profundal zone?

A

no light

37
Q

What is the benthic zone?

A
  • along the bottom
  • habitat for burrowing animals and microorganisms
  • interface between water and sediment
38
Q

In what ways are lakes classified?

A
  • nutrients in water (N, P)
  • number of times lake mixing/ turnover takes place
  • stratification
39
Q

What is an oligotrophic lake?

A
  • nutrient-poor (N, P)
  • cooler, higher oxygen levels
40
Q

What is a eutrophic lake?

A
  • productive
  • algae and other vegetation
  • more nutrients fueling photosynthesis
  • high decomposition rate
  • low oxygen
41
Q

What is lake turnover?

A
  • mixing
  • deep lake
  • once in a while
  • surface waters can go to the bottom
  • only during certain times of the year
42
Q

Why is lake turnover important?

A
  • nutrients released from sediments
  • changing chemistry (oxygen releases things/stimulates decomposition)
43
Q

What is a monomictic lake?

A

mix once a year (cold/warm)

44
Q

What is a dimictic lake?

A

twice per year

45
Q

What is a polymictic lake?

A

multiple times per year

46
Q

What is a meromictic lake?

A

does not mix

47
Q

Why do annual laminations occur?

A
  • diatoms bloom in the spring (light in color, silica)
  • Summer productivity organics
48
Q

Why don’t meromictic lakes mix?

A
  • saline at depth, fresh on top (density -> permanent)
  • not enough wind energy (small, deep lakes)
49
Q

What defines a wetland?

A
  • hydrology: presence of water at or near the surface for some time, standing water
  • vegetation: hydrophytic, saturation
  • soil: organic-rich, redoximorphic features, hydric
50
Q

What does hydrophytic mean?

A

adapted to wet conditions (chemical, physical)

51
Q

What are redoximorphic features?

A

characteristics that emerge because of a change in reduction (wet)/oxidation (dry) reaction states

52
Q

Describe a marsh

A
  • not forested (woody vegetation minor)
  • floating aquatics
  • mineral-enriched soils (some inorganic)
  • herbs
  • shallow
  • tide/no tide
  • along ocean
  • salt marshes
53
Q

Describe a swamp

A
  • trees and shrubs
  • minerals in soil (organics and inorganics)
  • strong seasonal water fluctuations
  • non-peaty
  • along ocean
54
Q

Describe salt marshes/swamps

A
  • mid-latitudes
  • behind barrier islands
  • eastern north America is dominated by salt-tolerant grass
  • highly productive
  • zonation (inundation) caused by tides (in mangroves too)
55
Q

where can you find mangrove swamps?

A

lower latitudes/ tropics

56
Q

Describe peatlands (mires)

A
  • very deep organic soils
  • freshwater
  • plant production exceeds decomposition (accumulation of peat)
  • fens or bogs (where nutrients come from)
  • best preservative
57
Q

Describe a fen

A
  • groundwater
  • surface flows
  • precipitation
  • abundance of nutrients
  • neutral to basic
  • sedges, brown mosses, vascular plants
58
Q

Describe a bog

A
  • big dome of peat
  • the only way to get nutrients into roots is through precipitation (rain does not have a lot so nutrient-poor)
  • sphagnum moss dominated
  • low pH
59
Q

Where do wetlands occur?

A
  • everywhere
  • maybe Antarctica (coastal)
  • ~6 million km^2 (5-8% of land surface)
  • interaction between climate and topography/geomorphology that allow water to remain near the surface for periods
  • require water (precipitation, aquifer, large body of water)
    *precipitation exceeds evaporation (positive water balance)
  • higher latitudes
60
Q

What are some characteristics of wetland plants?

A
  • lack of oxygen in the soil and its consequences
  • limited nutrients
  • water-level fluctuations
  • aerenchyma (in leaves too)
  • adventitious roots
  • shallow roots
  • pneumatophores
  • carnivory (in nutrient-lacking environments)
61
Q

what is aerenchyma?

A
  • pore space in tissue
  • hollow areas
  • gas diffusion: gas to roots
  • expand and contract
62
Q

what are adventitious roots?

A
  • response to flooding
  • gets roots close to the atmosphere for gas diffusion
63
Q

What pneumatophores for?

A
  • special roots that grow pointing up
  • knees
  • exchange gas
  • found in mangroves, bald cypress
64
Q

Describe the Utricularia

A
  • carnivory in roots
  • roots covered with bladders that have hairs
  • trapdoor with vacuum

EES 152 Bob Booth (11 decks)

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