9.1 Pharmacology for the Radiographer Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
CT Scan, General Radiography, Fluoroscopy, Catherization laboratory uses what type of contrast media
A
Iodinated Contrast Media
2
Q
General Radiography and sometime CT scan uses what type of contrast media
A
Barium Contrast Media
3
Q
applying contrast media through the rectum
A
Retrograde
4
Q
MRI uses what type of contrast media
A
Gadolinium Contrast Agent
5
Q
Ultrasound uses what type of contrast media
A
Microbubbles
6
Q
Nuclear Medicine uses what type of contrast media
A
Radioisotopes or Radioactive material
7
Q
Most of the Contrast Agent are
A
Water-based
8
Q
Some procedures require
A
Oil-based contrast agents
9
Q
Seldom used route
A
intra-arterial route
10
Q
cold sweats
A
Diaphoresis
11
Q
Most commonly used needle gauge
A
22 gauge
12
Q
For pediatric or geriatric gauge number
A
23 or 25 gauge
13
Q
CT scan uses the __ mL syringe
A
60 mL (cc)
14
Q
“Venipuncture falls within the profession’s scope of practice and practice standards and
that it shall be included in the didactic and clinical curriculum with demonstrated
competencies of all appropriate disciplines regardless of the state or institution where
such curriculum is taught.”
A
American Society of Radiologic Technologists
15
Q
30% of all imaging examinations involve the use of a form of
_____ to aid in the visualization of a body part or body
system
A
contrast media
16
Q
Categorized as drugs because they can be absorbed into the
systemic circulation and may produce a physiologic response on
the body
A
Contrast Agents
17
Q
are required to visualize areas of the body
when the organ or system of interest is too similar to the
surrounding area
A
Contrast Agents
18
Q
Radiopaque
A
Positive Contrast Agent
19
Q
Radiolucent
A
Negative Contrast Agent
20
Q
Most common type of contrast; GI system
A
Barium
21
Q
Metal, does not dissolve; suspended in solution
A
Barium
22
Q
The metallic component of _____ makes it an ideal substance for use as
a contrast agent
A
Barium
23
Q
another type of contrast used for GI imaging
A
Gastrografin
24
Q
All positive contrast agents used in diagnostic imaging contain iodine,
except ____
A
barium
25
able to absorb the x-ray photons, allowing an
area of interest to be seen on the image as white
area
Iodine (53)
26
able to accomplish the same absorption of x-ray
| photons and the same radiopaque image
Barium (56)
27
IODINATED CONTRAST AGENTS ARE USED IN THE EXAMINATION OF:
1. GI Tract
2. Kidneys
3. Gallbladder
4. Pancreas
5. Heart
6. Brain
7. Uterus
8. Spinal Column
9. Arteries
10. Veins
11. Joints
28
Variables the physician consider when selecting a contrast agents:
1. Ability to mix with the body fluids
2. The viscosity
3. The ionic strength
4. Its persistence in the body
5. The osmolality
6. The iodine content
7. The potential for toxicity
29
IODINATED CONTRAST AGENTS ARE ADMINISTERED BY:
➢ Oral, vaginal, intravenous, and intra-arterial routes
➢ Directly instilled into the organ through a retrograde procedure
➢ Directly into the joints or cavities
30
are distributed easily to areas where visualization is
required for diagnosis and then excreted from the body in a relatively safe
manner
Contrast agents
31
WHY IS IODINE USED AS CONTRAST AGENT?
-k-shell binding energy = 33.2 keV
-similar to the average energy of
x-rays used in diagnostic
radiography
-When the incident x-ray energy is
closer to the k-edge of the atom it
encounters, photoelectric
absorption is more likely to occur
32
have ideal K-shell
| binding energies for absorption of X-rays
Iodine-53 & Barium-56
33
k-shell binding energy of Iodine
33.2 keV
34
k-shell binding energy of Barium
37.4 keV
35
close to the mean energy of most
| diagnostic X-ray beams
Iodine-53 & Barium-56
36
k-shell binding energy of Calcium (20)
4.0
37
k-shell binding energy of Molybdenum (42)
20
38
k-shell binding energy of Tungsten (74)
70
39
k-shell binding energy of Lead (82)
88
40
k-shell binding energy of Oxygen (8)
0.5
41
can be used in hysterosalpingography (HSG)
Oil based contrast
42
HSG
hysterosalpingography
43
Oil based contrast higher iodine concentration=
480 mgI/ml
44
Water-based iodine concentration
240-300 mgI/ml
45
Instilled in organs – not vessels
Oil based contrast
46
Made from fatty acids
Oil based contrast
47
Not ingested
Oil based contrast
48
tests uterine shape and makes sure the fallopian tube are clear
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
49
conducted with an oil-based contrast, they have improved pregnancy rates unlike water-based contrast
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
50
PATIENTS OF CHOICE FOR LOCM INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
1. Patients with a history of previous adverse reaction to contrast agents
2. Patients with asthmatic conditions
3. Patients with known cardiac conditions
4. Patients who are severely debilitated
5. Patients at high risk for contrast extravasation
6. Patients for whom the physician feels there is an indication for its use
51
THE RADIOGRAPHER MAY ASSIST IN REDUCING ANXIETY IN THE
| FOLLOWING WAYS:
1. Assessment of the patient’s understanding of the procedure.
2. Informing the patient in detail concerning how the examination will
proceed.
3. Explanation of the expected side effects and assurance that these are not
unusual.
4. Allowing the patient to express feelings of anxiety and obtaining patient
feedback to ascertain his complete understanding of the procedure.
52
PATIENT ASSESSMENT PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM (1)
1. Patient’s age
2. History of impaired hepatic function
3. History of impaired renal function
4. History of allergic or anaphylactic reactions
5. History of thyroid disease
6. Last menstrual period and possible
pregnancy
7. Nursing mother
8. Sensitivity to aspirin
9. History of diabetes mellitus
53
PATIENT ASSESSMENT PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM (2)
10. History of sickle cell disease
11. History of hypertension
12. History of pheochromocytoma
13. History of seizures
14. Medication history
15. History of previous reactions to
medications or contrast agents
16. Allergy to seafood
54
POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS OF CONTRAST ARE AS FOLLOWS:
- Expected Side Effects
- Vasovagal reaction
- Mild reaction
- Moderate reaction
- Severe reaction
55
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF EXPECTED SIDE EFFECTS
1. A feeling of flushing or warmth
2. Nausea
3. Headache
4. Pain at the injection site
5. Altered taste, may be metallic
56
EXPECTED SIDE EFFECTS
```
RADIOGRAPHER’S RESPONSE
1. Slow the rate of the contrast
infusion
2. Observe the patient closely and
offer reassurance
```
57
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF A VASOVAGAL REACTION
1. Pallor
2. Cold sweats
3. Rapid pulse
4. Syncope or complaint of
feeling faint
5. Bradycardia
6. Hypotension
58
VASOVAGAL REACTION
1. Stop the infusion of contrast medium.
2. Place the patient in flat or
Trendelenburg position
3. Notify the radiologist
4. Remain with the patient and offer
reassurance
59
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF A MILD REACTION
1. Nausea, vomiting
2. Cough
3. Feeling of warmth
4. Headache
5. Dizziness
6. Shaking
7. Itching
8. Pallor
60
MILD REACTION
```
1. Stop the infusion and notify the
radiologist or radiology nurse.
2. Remain with the patient and offer
reassurance.
3. Prepare to assist in the
administration of an antihistamine or
subcutaneous epinephrine
```
61
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF A MODERATE REACTION
1. Tachycardia or bradycardia
2. Hypertension or hypotension
3. Dyspnea
4. Broncospasm or wheezing
5. Patient complains of feeling of
throat closing (laryngeal edema)
62
MODERATE REACTION
1. Stop the infusion
2. Notify the radiologist and the radiology nurse
3. Call for the emergency team if symptoms
progress rapidly.
4. Remain with the patient and offer reassurance
5. Prepare to administer oxygen and intravenous
medication
6. If the patient is in respiratory distress, place
him in semi-fowler’s position
7. Position patient who is vomiting in a position to
prevent aspiration.
63
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF A SEVERE REACTION
1. Dyspnea related to laryngeal edema
2. Hypotension
3. Seizures
4. Cardiac arrhythmia
5. Lack of patient response
6. Cardiac arrest
64
SEVERE REACTION
```
1. Call for emergency response team
(Code blue)
2. Notify the radiologist and the
radiology nurse
3. Prepare to use AED (automated
external defibrillator)
4. Prepare to administer oxygen and
intravenous medications.
```
65
All drugs (medications) are potentially _____
harmful
66
All _____ who
administer drugs must understand the
intended action, contraindications, side
effects and potential adverse effects of any drug they administer
health care workers
67
THE RADIOGRAPHER MUST ADHERE TO THE FIVE
| RIGHTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION AT ALL TIMES:
1. The Right Time
2. The Right Route
3. The Right Amount/Dose
4. The Right Medication/Drug
5. The Right Patient
68
OTHER PRECAUTIONS THAT MUST BE TAKEN BEFORE ADMINISTRATION OF ANY
DRUGS ARE AS FOLLOWS (1):
1. Read all drug labels carefully before drawing up or pouring a drug. Check the name, strength, and
dosage of the drug.
2. If a drug contains a sediment or appears to be cloudy, do not use until the pharmacist approves
the drug.
3. Check the expiration date of the drug on the label. If that date has passed, do not use.
4. Do not use drugs from unmarked, or poorly marked containers. Discard them.
5. Measure exact amounts of every drug used. If medication is left over, do not replace it in the
container; discard it according to institutional policy.
6. Drugs must be stored in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. No drug should be
stored in an area where temperature and humidity vary greatly or are extreme. Low room
temperature is advised.
7. If a medication is a liquid to be poured, pour away from the label
69
OTHER PRECAUTIONS THAT MUST BE TAKEN BEFORE ADMINISTRATION OF
ANY DRUGS ARE AS FOLLOWS (2):
8. Do not combine two drugs in a syringe without verifying their compatibility with the pharmacist. If in
doubt, do not combine!
9. Before selecting a medication, check the label of the container three times: before taking it from
storage, before pouring it or drawing it up, and after it has been prepared for administration.
10. Take only one drug to one patient at one time and remain with the patient until it has been taken. Do
not leave the patient to take the drug later.
11. When approaching a patient who is to receive a drug, ask the patient to state his or her name. Do not
accept the fact that a patient answers to what is thought to be the correct name. An anxious patient
may respond incorrectly. Read the name label on the patient's wrist.
12. After identifying the patient, explain to him how the due is to be taken
70
by mouth
PO
71
intramuscular
IM
72
intravenous
IV
73
at once
STAT
74
verbal order
VO
75
subcutaneous
SC/SQ
76
intradermal
ID
77
twice a day
bid
78
drop
gtt
79
cubic centimeter
cc
80
before meals
ac
81
after meals
pc
82
at beadtime
hs
83
as necessary
PRN
84
every
q
85
everyday
qd
86
three times a day
tid
87
every 2 hours
q2hrs
88
mililiter
mL
89
No health care worker may prescribe or administer drugs that are not
ordered by a person _____ to do so
licensed
90
WRITTEN REQUEST FOR AN EXAMINATION USING IV CONTRAST MEDIUM
1 . Medical Necessity for the Examination
2. Type of Contrast to be used
3. Manner in which the procedure will be performed
91
Medical Necessity for the Examination
▪ Signs and symptoms
▪ Relevant history
▪ Current diagnoses
▪ Specific reason for the procedure requested (physician)
92
It is legal and ethical obligations of
the radiographer to be
knowledgeable about any drug that he administers to prevent _____
Medication Error
93
If a drug is incorrectly administered
| or an order is misinterpreted, the radiographer is legally ____
liable
94
ITEMS TO INCLUDE IN THE REPORT ARE AS FOLLOWS:
1. The dosage of the drug administered
2. The name of the incorrect drug
3. Why it was administered
4. The patient’s reaction
5. How the error was remedied
95
METHODS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
1. Enteral
2. Parenteral
3. Topical
96
Enteral ex.
Oral, Sublingual, Buccal and
| Rectal
97
```
used if the drug will not be
destroyed by gastric secretions
and when slower absorption and
longer duration of drug activity
are desired
```
Enteral
98
skin for local treatment of lesions or skin
| conditions
Topical
99
Topical ex.
eyes, nose, and throat
100
respiratory mucosa by inhalation
Topical
101
vagina and in the rectum
Topical
102
skin for intended systemic effect (transdermal
| application)
Topical
103
Parenteral ex.
Subcutaneous, intramuscular,
intradermal & intravenous,
Intralesional, intra-arterial,
intracardiac, and intra-articular
104
used only by the physician or specialty nurses
Parenteral
105
degree angle for Intramuscular
90°
106
degree angle for Subcutaneous
45°
107
degree angle for Intravenous
25°
108
degree angle for Intradermal
10°-15°
109
atomic number of bromine
35
