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RT 208 > 9.1 Pharmacology for the Radiographer > Flashcards

9.1 Pharmacology for the Radiographer Flashcards

1
Q

CT Scan, General Radiography, Fluoroscopy, Catherization laboratory uses what type of contrast media

A

Iodinated Contrast Media

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2
Q

General Radiography and sometime CT scan uses what type of contrast media

A

Barium Contrast Media

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3
Q

applying contrast media through the rectum

A

Retrograde

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4
Q

MRI uses what type of contrast media

A

Gadolinium Contrast Agent

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5
Q

Ultrasound uses what type of contrast media

A

Microbubbles

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6
Q

Nuclear Medicine uses what type of contrast media

A

Radioisotopes or Radioactive material

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7
Q

Most of the Contrast Agent are

A

Water-based

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8
Q

Some procedures require

A

Oil-based contrast agents

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9
Q

Seldom used route

A

intra-arterial route

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10
Q

cold sweats

A

Diaphoresis

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11
Q

Most commonly used needle gauge

A

22 gauge

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12
Q

For pediatric or geriatric gauge number

A

23 or 25 gauge

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13
Q

CT scan uses the __ mL syringe

A

60 mL (cc)

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14
Q

“Venipuncture falls within the profession’s scope of practice and practice standards and
that it shall be included in the didactic and clinical curriculum with demonstrated
competencies of all appropriate disciplines regardless of the state or institution where
such curriculum is taught.”

A

American Society of Radiologic Technologists

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15
Q

30% of all imaging examinations involve the use of a form of
_____ to aid in the visualization of a body part or body
system

A

contrast media

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16
Q

Categorized as drugs because they can be absorbed into the
systemic circulation and may produce a physiologic response on
the body

A

Contrast Agents

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17
Q

are required to visualize areas of the body
when the organ or system of interest is too similar to the
surrounding area

A

Contrast Agents

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18
Q

Radiopaque

A

Positive Contrast Agent

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19
Q

Radiolucent

A

Negative Contrast Agent

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20
Q

Most common type of contrast; GI system

A

Barium

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21
Q

Metal, does not dissolve; suspended in solution

A

Barium

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22
Q

The metallic component of _____ makes it an ideal substance for use as
a contrast agent

A

Barium

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23
Q

another type of contrast used for GI imaging

A

Gastrografin

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24
Q

All positive contrast agents used in diagnostic imaging contain iodine,
except ____

A

barium

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25
Q

able to absorb the x-ray photons, allowing an
area of interest to be seen on the image as white
area

A

Iodine (53)

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26
Q

able to accomplish the same absorption of x-ray

photons and the same radiopaque image

A

Barium (56)

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27
Q

IODINATED CONTRAST AGENTS ARE USED IN THE EXAMINATION OF:

A
  1. GI Tract
  2. Kidneys
  3. Gallbladder
  4. Pancreas
  5. Heart
  6. Brain
  7. Uterus
  8. Spinal Column
  9. Arteries
  10. Veins
  11. Joints
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28
Q

Variables the physician consider when selecting a contrast agents:

A
  1. Ability to mix with the body fluids
  2. The viscosity
  3. The ionic strength
  4. Its persistence in the body
  5. The osmolality
  6. The iodine content
  7. The potential for toxicity
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29
Q

IODINATED CONTRAST AGENTS ARE ADMINISTERED BY:

A

➢ Oral, vaginal, intravenous, and intra-arterial routes
➢ Directly instilled into the organ through a retrograde procedure
➢ Directly into the joints or cavities

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30
Q

are distributed easily to areas where visualization is
required for diagnosis and then excreted from the body in a relatively safe
manner

A

Contrast agents

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31
Q

WHY IS IODINE USED AS CONTRAST AGENT?

A

-k-shell binding energy = 33.2 keV
-similar to the average energy of
x-rays used in diagnostic
radiography
-When the incident x-ray energy is
closer to the k-edge of the atom it
encounters, photoelectric
absorption is more likely to occur

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32
Q

have ideal K-shell

binding energies for absorption of X-rays

A

Iodine-53 & Barium-56

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33
Q

k-shell binding energy of Iodine

A

33.2 keV

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34
Q

k-shell binding energy of Barium

A

37.4 keV

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35
Q

close to the mean energy of most

diagnostic X-ray beams

A

Iodine-53 & Barium-56

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36
Q

k-shell binding energy of Calcium (20)

A

4.0

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37
Q

k-shell binding energy of Molybdenum (42)

A

20

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38
Q

k-shell binding energy of Tungsten (74)

A

70

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39
Q

k-shell binding energy of Lead (82)

A

88

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40
Q

k-shell binding energy of Oxygen (8)

A

0.5

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41
Q

can be used in hysterosalpingography (HSG)

A

Oil based contrast

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42
Q

HSG

A

hysterosalpingography

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43
Q

Oil based contrast higher iodine concentration=

A

480 mgI/ml

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44
Q

Water-based iodine concentration

A

240-300 mgI/ml

45
Q

Instilled in organs – not vessels

A

Oil based contrast

46
Q

Made from fatty acids

A

Oil based contrast

47
Q

Not ingested

A

Oil based contrast

48
Q

tests uterine shape and makes sure the fallopian tube are clear

A

Hysterosalpingography (HSG)

49
Q

conducted with an oil-based contrast, they have improved pregnancy rates unlike water-based contrast

A

Hysterosalpingography (HSG)

50
Q

PATIENTS OF CHOICE FOR LOCM INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

A
  1. Patients with a history of previous adverse reaction to contrast agents
  2. Patients with asthmatic conditions
  3. Patients with known cardiac conditions
  4. Patients who are severely debilitated
  5. Patients at high risk for contrast extravasation
  6. Patients for whom the physician feels there is an indication for its use
51
Q

THE RADIOGRAPHER MAY ASSIST IN REDUCING ANXIETY IN THE

FOLLOWING WAYS:

A
  1. Assessment of the patient’s understanding of the procedure.
  2. Informing the patient in detail concerning how the examination will
    proceed.
  3. Explanation of the expected side effects and assurance that these are not
    unusual.
  4. Allowing the patient to express feelings of anxiety and obtaining patient
    feedback to ascertain his complete understanding of the procedure.
52
Q

PATIENT ASSESSMENT PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM (1)

A
  1. Patient’s age
  2. History of impaired hepatic function
  3. History of impaired renal function
  4. History of allergic or anaphylactic reactions
  5. History of thyroid disease
  6. Last menstrual period and possible
    pregnancy
  7. Nursing mother
  8. Sensitivity to aspirin
  9. History of diabetes mellitus
53
Q

PATIENT ASSESSMENT PRIOR TO ADMINISTRATION OF CONTRAST MEDIUM (2)

A
  1. History of sickle cell disease
  2. History of hypertension
  3. History of pheochromocytoma
  4. History of seizures
  5. Medication history
  6. History of previous reactions to
    medications or contrast agents
  7. Allergy to seafood
54
Q

POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS OF CONTRAST ARE AS FOLLOWS:

A
  • Expected Side Effects
  • Vasovagal reaction
  • Mild reaction
  • Moderate reaction
  • Severe reaction
55
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF EXPECTED SIDE EFFECTS

A
  1. A feeling of flushing or warmth
  2. Nausea
  3. Headache
  4. Pain at the injection site
  5. Altered taste, may be metallic
56
Q

EXPECTED SIDE EFFECTS

A 
RADIOGRAPHER’S RESPONSE
1. Slow the rate of the contrast 
infusion
2. Observe the patient closely and 
offer reassurance
57
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF A VASOVAGAL REACTION

A
  1. Pallor
  2. Cold sweats
  3. Rapid pulse
  4. Syncope or complaint of
    feeling faint
  5. Bradycardia
  6. Hypotension
58
Q

VASOVAGAL REACTION

A
  1. Stop the infusion of contrast medium.
  2. Place the patient in flat or
    Trendelenburg position
  3. Notify the radiologist
  4. Remain with the patient and offer
    reassurance
59
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF A MILD REACTION

A
  1. Nausea, vomiting
  2. Cough
  3. Feeling of warmth
  4. Headache
  5. Dizziness
  6. Shaking
  7. Itching
  8. Pallor
60
Q

MILD REACTION

A 
1. Stop the infusion and notify the 
radiologist or radiology nurse.
2. Remain with the patient and offer 
reassurance.
3. Prepare to assist in the 
administration of an antihistamine or 
subcutaneous epinephrine
61
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF A MODERATE REACTION

A
  1. Tachycardia or bradycardia
  2. Hypertension or hypotension
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Broncospasm or wheezing
  5. Patient complains of feeling of
    throat closing (laryngeal edema)
62
Q

MODERATE REACTION

A
  1. Stop the infusion
  2. Notify the radiologist and the radiology nurse
  3. Call for the emergency team if symptoms
    progress rapidly.
  4. Remain with the patient and offer reassurance
  5. Prepare to administer oxygen and intravenous
    medication
  6. If the patient is in respiratory distress, place
    him in semi-fowler’s position
  7. Position patient who is vomiting in a position to
    prevent aspiration.
63
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF A SEVERE REACTION

A
  1. Dyspnea related to laryngeal edema
  2. Hypotension
  3. Seizures
  4. Cardiac arrhythmia
  5. Lack of patient response
  6. Cardiac arrest
64
Q

SEVERE REACTION

A 
1. Call for emergency response team 
(Code blue)
2. Notify the radiologist and the 
radiology nurse
3. Prepare to use AED (automated 
external defibrillator)
4. Prepare to administer oxygen and 
intravenous medications.
65
Q

All drugs (medications) are potentially _____

A

harmful

66
Q

All _____ who
administer drugs must understand the
intended action, contraindications, side
effects and potential adverse effects of any drug they administer

A

health care workers

67
Q

THE RADIOGRAPHER MUST ADHERE TO THE FIVE

RIGHTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION AT ALL TIMES:

A
  1. The Right Time
  2. The Right Route
  3. The Right Amount/Dose
  4. The Right Medication/Drug
  5. The Right Patient
68
Q

OTHER PRECAUTIONS THAT MUST BE TAKEN BEFORE ADMINISTRATION OF ANY
DRUGS ARE AS FOLLOWS (1):

A
  1. Read all drug labels carefully before drawing up or pouring a drug. Check the name, strength, and
    dosage of the drug.
  2. If a drug contains a sediment or appears to be cloudy, do not use until the pharmacist approves
    the drug.
  3. Check the expiration date of the drug on the label. If that date has passed, do not use.
  4. Do not use drugs from unmarked, or poorly marked containers. Discard them.
  5. Measure exact amounts of every drug used. If medication is left over, do not replace it in the
    container; discard it according to institutional policy.
  6. Drugs must be stored in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications. No drug should be
    stored in an area where temperature and humidity vary greatly or are extreme. Low room
    temperature is advised.
  7. If a medication is a liquid to be poured, pour away from the label
69
Q

OTHER PRECAUTIONS THAT MUST BE TAKEN BEFORE ADMINISTRATION OF
ANY DRUGS ARE AS FOLLOWS (2):

A
  1. Do not combine two drugs in a syringe without verifying their compatibility with the pharmacist. If in
    doubt, do not combine!
  2. Before selecting a medication, check the label of the container three times: before taking it from
    storage, before pouring it or drawing it up, and after it has been prepared for administration.
  3. Take only one drug to one patient at one time and remain with the patient until it has been taken. Do
    not leave the patient to take the drug later.
  4. When approaching a patient who is to receive a drug, ask the patient to state his or her name. Do not
    accept the fact that a patient answers to what is thought to be the correct name. An anxious patient
    may respond incorrectly. Read the name label on the patient’s wrist.
  5. After identifying the patient, explain to him how the due is to be taken
70
Q

by mouth

A

PO

71
Q

intramuscular

A

IM

72
Q

intravenous

A

IV

73
Q

at once

A

STAT

74
Q

verbal order

A

VO

75
Q

subcutaneous

A

SC/SQ

76
Q

intradermal

A

ID

77
Q

twice a day

A

bid

78
Q

drop

A

gtt

79
Q

cubic centimeter

A

cc

80
Q

before meals

A

ac

81
Q

after meals

A

pc

82
Q

at beadtime

A

hs

83
Q

as necessary

A

PRN

84
Q

every

A

q

85
Q

everyday

A

qd

86
Q

three times a day

A

tid

87
Q

every 2 hours

A

q2hrs

88
Q

mililiter

A

mL

89
Q

No health care worker may prescribe or administer drugs that are not
ordered by a person _____ to do so

A

licensed

90
Q

WRITTEN REQUEST FOR AN EXAMINATION USING IV CONTRAST MEDIUM

A

1 . Medical Necessity for the Examination

  1. Type of Contrast to be used
  2. Manner in which the procedure will be performed
91
Q

Medical Necessity for the Examination

A

▪ Signs and symptoms
▪ Relevant history
▪ Current diagnoses
▪ Specific reason for the procedure requested (physician)

92
Q

It is legal and ethical obligations of
the radiographer to be
knowledgeable about any drug that he administers to prevent _____

A

Medication Error

93
Q

If a drug is incorrectly administered

or an order is misinterpreted, the radiographer is legally ____

A

liable

94
Q

ITEMS TO INCLUDE IN THE REPORT ARE AS FOLLOWS:

A
  1. The dosage of the drug administered
  2. The name of the incorrect drug
  3. Why it was administered
  4. The patient’s reaction
  5. How the error was remedied
95
Q

METHODS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

A
  1. Enteral
  2. Parenteral
  3. Topical
96
Q

Enteral ex.

A

Oral, Sublingual, Buccal and

Rectal

97
Q 
used if the drug will not be 
destroyed by gastric secretions 
and when slower absorption and 
longer duration of drug activity 
are desired
A

Enteral

98
Q

skin for local treatment of lesions or skin

conditions

A

Topical

99
Q

Topical ex.

A

eyes, nose, and throat

100
Q

respiratory mucosa by inhalation

A

Topical

101
Q

vagina and in the rectum

A

Topical

102
Q

skin for intended systemic effect (transdermal

application)

A

Topical

103
Q

Parenteral ex.

A

Subcutaneous, intramuscular,
intradermal & intravenous,
Intralesional, intra-arterial,
intracardiac, and intra-articular

104
Q

used only by the physician or specialty nurses

A

Parenteral

105
Q

degree angle for Intramuscular

A

90°

106
Q

degree angle for Subcutaneous

A

45°

107
Q

degree angle for Intravenous

A

25°

108
Q

degree angle for Intradermal

A

10°-15°

109
Q

atomic number of bromine

A

35

RT 208 (16 decks)

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