Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RT 208 > 8.1 Infection Control > Flashcards

8.1 Infection Control Flashcards

1
Q

are living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

Microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Microorganisms categories

A

Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, prions, and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microorganisms that live on or inside the body without causing infections or diseases are referred to as ______

A

normal microbial flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Microorganisms that cause infections and diseases are called _____

A

pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

are very small, single-cell organisms with a cell wall and an atypical nucleus that lacks a membrane

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is essential for survival of the bacterium, making it the target for destruction by some antibiotics

A

cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

grow independently and can replicate without a host cell

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bacteria are classified according to shape, and most have one of three distinct shapes:

A

spherical, rod-shaped, spiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

spherical bacteria

A

cocci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

rod-shaped bacteria

A

bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

spiral bacteria

A

spirilla or spirochetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

By using staining process, bacteria can be sub-classified as ______, and as ______

A

Gram-positive or Gram-negative,

acid-fast or nonacid-fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The bacteria is identified as ______ if they retain the dye when treated with alcohol

A

Gram-positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

if the alcohol washes out the dye, they are called _____

A

Gram-negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The bacteria are stained, heated, and treated with an acid alcohol to remove the color. If the bacterium resists decolorization, it is classified as ______

A

acid-fast positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The bacteria are stained, heated, and treated with an acid alcohol to remove the color. If decolorization occurs, the bacterium is _____

A

acid-fast negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

examples of Gram-positive

A

Streptococci and staphylococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

example of Gram-negative

A

Escherichia coli, a bacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

example of acid-fast positive or simply called “acid fast”

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

require oxygen to grow

A

Obligate aerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

will not grow in presence of oxygen

A

anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bacteria that can adapt and grow under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions are called ______

A

facultative organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

are resistant to destruction and can remain viable for many years, often being carried through the atmosphere on virtually invisible dust particles

A

Endospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Significant diseases caused by bacteria include:

A
  • tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis,
  • streptococcal pharyngitis (Strep throat) and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating bacteria), both of which are cause by streptococcal Group A, and
  • Infectious diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome, both of which are caused by E. coli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Are smaller than most bacteria and are just barely visible in an ordinary microscope

A

Rickettsiae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Their most significant identifying feature is that they only grow inside animal cells

A

rabbits and rats (Rickettsiae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Do not survive in the environment and are transmitted among animals by infected arthropod vector bites

A

ticks, lice, fleas, and mites (Rickettsiae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

are only accidental hosts for Rickettsiae

A

Humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

are causative agents for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus fever

A

Rickettsiae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Are subcellular organisms and are among the smallest know disease-causing organisms

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Because of their small size, they must be viewed with an electron microscope

A

Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A fully developed viral particle, called a ____, is made up of genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is protected by an outer protein coating called the ____

A

virion,

capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

may be covered by a lipoprotein envelope that has projecting spikes

A

capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Enveloped viruses examples

A

influenza, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

cause common cold, and lack both the envelope and spikes

A

Rhinoviruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

causes infectious mononucleosis

A

Epstein-Barr virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

causes chicken pox and herpes zoster (shingles)

A

varicella (Virus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Occur as single-celled yeasts or as long, branched, filament-like structures called molds that are composed of many cells

A

Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Yeasts reproduce by

A

forming buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

molds reproduce by

A

spore formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Fungi cause skin infections, such as

A

athlete’s foot and ringworm

42
Q

Fungi causes respiratory infections, such as

A

histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis

43
Q

Fungi causes opportunistic infections such as

A

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)

44
Q

causes pharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in individuals with compromised immune systems

A

Fungi

45
Q

infections caused by usually nonpathogenic organisms

A

opportunistic infections

46
Q

The smallest and least understood of all microbes

A

Prions

47
Q

Scientists believe that they may be infectious proteins

A

Prions

48
Q

They do not have DNA or RNA, but they are capable of automatically transforming health proteins in nerve cells into more of them

A

Prions

49
Q

are resistant to the body’s natural defenses and can continue to multiply unchecked, causing irreversible neurologic damage

A

Prions

50
Q

They were first identified as the cause of scrapie

A

Prions

51
Q

a degenerative disease affecting the nervous systems of sheep

A

scrapie

52
Q

mad cow disease

A

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

53
Q

are the cause of bovine spongiform encephalopathy

A

Prions

54
Q

are the cause of both classic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans

A

Prions

55
Q

may related to other conditions characterized by slow deterioration of the nervous system

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

56
Q

cause sponge-like changes in the brain with progressive dementia

A

classic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

57
Q

Are complex single-celled animals that generally exists as free-living organisms

A

Protozoa

58
Q

a few are parasitic and live within the human body

A

Protozoa

59
Q

They may be classified as motile (moving) or nonmotile

A

Protozoa

60
Q

Protozoa are further classified by their method of motility, some move by changing their shape to form _____

A

pseudopods (false “feet”)

61
Q

Protozoa also move using:

A

flagella,

cilia

62
Q

whiplike formations that move the cell

A

flagella

63
Q

fine, hairlike projections that propel the organism

A

cilia

64
Q

Protozoa can infect the

A

gastrointestinal, genitourinary, respiratory, and circulatory systems

65
Q

Common protozoal diseases include:

A
  • Amebiasis and giardiasis
  • Trichomoniasis
  • Toxoplasmosis
66
Q

a sexually transmitted disease affecting the male and female genitourinary tracts

A

Trichomoniasis

67
Q

both affect the gastrointestinal tract and cause diarrhea

A

Amebiasis and giardiasis

68
Q

it causes a greenish-yellow discharge from the male urethra and from the vagina in the female

A

Trichomoniasis

69
Q

is contracted from contact with cat feces or eating undercooked meat containing the protozoan

A

Toxoplasmosis

70
Q

affects the blood and lymphatic vessels and can cause congenital infection in a fetus or neurological impairment in the immunocompromised

A

Toxoplasmosis

71
Q

The factors involved in the spread of disease

A

cycle of infection

72
Q

The Cycle of infection

A
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host
  • Pathogenic organism
  • Reservoir of infection
  • Portal of exit
  • Means of transmission
73
Q

Microorganisms capable of causing disease are called

A

pathogenic organisms or pathogens

74
Q

Infectious Organisms possess certain properties called ______ that distinguish them from nonpathogenic organisms or normal flora

A

virulence factors

75
Q

Bacterial pathogens have an affinity for a certain type of cell in the body and attach to these cells, excreting protein substances called ____ that can kill or injure the host cells

A

toxins

76
Q

The pathogens that cause ________ have these virulence factors

A

diphtheria, pertussis, typhoid fever, and dysentery

77
Q

These factors enable bacteria to destroy or damage host cells and resist destruction by the host’s cellular defense

A

virulence factors

78
Q

Most parasitic protozoa produce
some type of resistant form, such as a ____, to survive
in the environment outside the host

A

cyst

79
Q

Normal flora are capable of causing disease:

A
  • when they are not confined to their usual environment,
  • when an individual’s resistance is weakened, or
  • when broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt the ecological balance of the resident flora
80
Q

a normal flora of gastrointestinal tract, can become pathogenic if it enters the bladder

A

E. coli

81
Q

may be found in the throat or gastrointestinal tract of many healthy persons

A

Candida albicans

82
Q

yet this same organism can assume a pathogenic role, causing vaginal infections in females when competing bacteria are destroyed by antibiotic treatment

A

Candida albicans

83
Q

is an opportunistic organism that proliferates when immunity is compromised, causing both esophagitis and respiratory infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

A

Candida

84
Q

may be any place where pathogens can thrive in sufficient numbers to pose a threat

A

reservoir or source of infection

85
Q

Such an environment must provide moisture, nutrients, and a suitable temperature, all of which are found in the human body

A

reservoir or source of infection

86
Q

might be a patient with hepatitis, a radiographer with an upper respiratory infection, or a visitor with staphylococcal boils

A

reservoir or source of infection

87
Q

Other examples of non-human reservoirs and infections include:

A
  • Animals, the reservoir for salmonella infections;
  • Soil, the reservoir for tetanus; and
  • Water, the reservoir for Legionnaires’ disease.
88
Q

may be any route through which blood, body fluids, excretions, or secretions leave the body

A

Portal of exit

89
Q

Examples include Respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal tracts; an infected wound; and the bloodstream

A

Portal of exit

90
Q

Are frequently patients who have reduced natural resistance to infection.

A

Susceptible Host

91
Q

They may develop aa nosocomial infection

A

Susceptible Host

92
Q

hospital-acquired infection

A

nosocomial infection

93
Q

Hospital infections also pose a threat to health care workers. When contracted by HCW, these infections are called _______ acquired rather than nosocomial infections

A

occupationally

94
Q

are spread by blood and blood products

A

Hepatitis B and C viruses

95
Q

Is the route by which microorganisms gain access into the susceptible host

A

Portal of Entry

96
Q

examples include Respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal tracts; an open wound or break in the skin; the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth; and the bloodstream

A

Portal of Entry

97
Q

The most direct way to intervene in the cycle of infection is to prevent the ______ of the infectious organism from the reservoir to the susceptible host

A

transmission

98
Q

This transmission mode requires that the host is touched by an infected person and the organisms are placed in direct contact with susceptible host

A

direct contact

99
Q

The five other principal routes of transmission are

A

indirect

100
Q

Indirect transmission involve transport of organisms by way of

A 
fomites, 
vectors, 
vehicles, 
airborne means,  
droplet contamination

RT 208 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions