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RT 208 > 1. Basic Pharmacology, and Drug Names and References > Flashcards

1. Basic Pharmacology, and Drug Names and References Flashcards

1
Q

Identifying drug names

A

Drug Nomenclature

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2
Q

Four terms apply to the various titles of a drug:

A
  1. Generic name
  2. Trade Name
  3. Chemical name
  4. Official name
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3
Q

common or general name assigned to the drug; differentiated from trade name by initial lowercase letter, never capitalized

A

Generic name

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4
Q

assigned to a drug usually based on the chemical name

A

Generic name

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5
Q

Non-proprietary name

A

Generic name

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6
Q

Related to Official Name

A

Generic name

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7
Q

usually enclosed in a box and in a larger font

A

Generic name

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8
Q

Brand name or Proprietary Name

A

Trade Name

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9
Q

The name which pharmaceutical company adapt

to their particular drug product

A

Trade Name

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10
Q

Copyrighted by and exclusive to the company

A

Trade Name

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11
Q

Usually have the ® (registered) or ™ (Trade Mark)

symbol on drug labels

A

Trade Name

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12
Q

can be distinguished from generic name by capitalized first letter

A

Trade Name

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13
Q

The exact molecular formula of the drug

A

Chemical Name

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14
Q

Usually, a very long name and difficult to

pronounce and of little concern to the health care worker

A

Chemical Name

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15
Q

The drug discovery process

A
  1. Drug Discovery (10,000-15,000 compounds)
  2. Drug Development and Pre-Clinical Research (250 compounds, 3-6 years)
  3. Clinical Trials (4 Phases) (5 compounds, 10-15 years)
  4. New Drug Application and Review and Approval (1 or 0 approved drug, 0.5-2 years)
  5. Post-Market Drug Safety Monitoring
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16
Q
  • New insights into a disease process
  • Molecular testing
  • Advancing technology
  • Unanticipated effects of existing treatments
A

Drug Discovery

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17
Q

Results obtained at this stage determine whether a drug will move into the clinical research phase

A

Drug Development and Pre-Clinical Research

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18
Q

participants (20-100)

A

Phase I Clinical Trials

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19
Q

__ of drugs move to Phase II

A

~70%

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20
Q

Several hundred participants

A

Phase II Clinical Trials

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21
Q

__ of drugs move to Phase III

A

~33%

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22
Q

participants (300-3000)

A

Phase III Clinical Trials

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23
Q

participants with the disease/condition __ of drugs move to Phase IV

A

~25-30%

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24
Q

Several thousands participants

A

Phase IV Clinical Trials

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25
Q

Once a drug has demonstrated satisfactory efficacy and safety, a _____ can be made to the local or regional approving body in accordance with applicable requirements

A

new drug marketing authorization application

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26
Q

In the months and years following a drug’s marketing authorization, _____ is continuously carries out to ensure a more detailed detailed drug safety profile

A

drug safety monitoring

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27
Q

How Drugs are Categorized? / Drug Classification

A
  • Chemical Group
  • Mechanism of Action
  • Primary Effect
28
Q

Drugs that are classified based on the chemical

structure

A

Chemical Group

29
Q 
Examples:
β-lactam antibiotic 
Benzodiazepine
Cardiac glycoside 
Fibrate
Opioid 
Thiazide diuretic
Steroid
A

Chemical Group

30
Q

Drug classes that share a common molecular
mechanism of action by modulating the activity of
a specific biological target

A

Mechanism of Action/Site of Action

31
Q

For _____, these activities include agonist,

antagonist, inverse agonist, or modulator

A

receptors

32
Q

target mechanisms include activator or inhibitor.

A

Enzyme

33
Q

modulators include opener or blocker

A

Ion channel

34
Q

promotes the action of receptor

A

agonist

35
Q

reverse / blocks the action of receptor

A

antagonist

36
Q

modulates the action of receptor

A

modulator

37
Q 
Examples:
Incretin mimetic
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
GABAergic
Serotonergic
A

Mechanism of Action/Site of Action

38
Q

2 types of Primary Effect

A
  • Mode of Action

- Therapeutic Effect

39
Q

Drug classes that is categorized by the anatomical or

functional change the drugs induced

A

Mode of Action

40
Q

Drug classes that is categorized by the pathology the

drugs treat

A

Therapeutic Effect

41
Q 
Examples:
Diuretic or Antidiuretic
Inotrope (positive or negative)
Chronotrope (positive or negative)
Bronchodilator
Decongestant
Antithrombotics
Anticoagulant
Sedative
A

Mode of Action (Primary Effect)

42
Q 
Examples:
Analgesics 
Antibiotic 
Anticoagulant
Antidepressant 
Anticancer 
Antiepileptic
Antipsychotic 
Antiviral 
Sedative
Antidiabetic 
Cardiovascular
A

Therapeutic Effect (Primary Effect)

43
Q

no purchasing restrictions by the FDA

A

Over-the-counter (OTC)

44
Q

prescription drug, determined unsafe for over-the-counter purchase because of possible harmful side effects if taken indiscriminately

A

Legend drug

45
Q

includes birth control pills, antibiotics, cardiac drugs, hormones

A

Legend drug

46
Q

indicated in the Physicians’ Desk Reference

A

Legend drug

47
Q

drug controlled by prescription requirement because of the danger of addiction or abuse; indicated in references by schedule numbers

A

Controlled substance

48
Q

Drug Actions

A
  1. Indications
  2. Actions
  3. Contraindications
  4. Cautions
  5. Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
  6. Interactions
49
Q

a list of medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used

A

Indications

50
Q

Example:
diphenhydramine hydrochloride [Benadryl], is a commonly used drug; indications include allergic rhinitis, mild allergic skin reactions, motion sickness, and mild cases of parkinsonism

A

Indications

51
Q

a description of the cellular changes that occur as a result of the drug

A

Actions

52
Q

This information tends to be very technical, describing cellular and tissue changes.

A

Actions

53
Q

While it is helpful to know what body system is affected by the drug, this information is geared more for the pharmacist

A

Actions

54
Q

Example:

as an antihistamine, Benadryl appears to compete with histamine for cell receptor sites on effector cells

A

Actions

55
Q

a list of conditions for which the drug should not be given

A

Contraindications

56
Q

Example:

Benadryl should not be given to pregnant or lactating mother

A

Contraindications

57
Q

a list of conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observation for specific side effects when given the drug

A

Cautions

58
Q

Example:
due to atropinelike activity, Benadryl must be used cautiously with patients who have a history of bronchial asthma, hypertension, or increased intraocular pressure

A

Cautions

59
Q

a list of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects, other than the desired effect

A

Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

60
Q

Examples:

sedation, dizzines, disturbed coordination, epigastric distress, anorexia, and thickening of bronchial secretions

A

Side Effects and Adverse Reactions

61
Q

The most common side effects is ____ in the manual

A

underlined or italicized

62
Q

causes damage to the eighth cranial nerve, resulting in impaired hearing or ringing in the ears (tinnitus). Damage may be reversible or permanent

A

Ototoxicity

63
Q

cause damage to the kidneys, resulting in impaired kidney function, decreased output, and renal failure

A

Nephrotoxicity

64
Q

is an increased reaction to sunlight, with the danger of intense sunburn

A

Photosensitivity

65
Q

a list of other drugs or foods that may alter the effect of the drug, and usually should not be given during the same course of therapy

A

Interactions

66
Q

Example:

monoamine oxidase [MAO] inhibitors will intensify the effects of Benadryl

A

Interactions

RT 208 (16 decks)

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