1. Basic Pharmacology, and Drug Names and References Flashcards
Identifying drug names
Drug Nomenclature
Four terms apply to the various titles of a drug:
- Generic name
- Trade Name
- Chemical name
- Official name
common or general name assigned to the drug; differentiated from trade name by initial lowercase letter, never capitalized
Generic name
assigned to a drug usually based on the chemical name
Generic name
Non-proprietary name
Generic name
Related to Official Name
Generic name
usually enclosed in a box and in a larger font
Generic name
Brand name or Proprietary Name
Trade Name
The name which pharmaceutical company adapt
to their particular drug product
Trade Name
Copyrighted by and exclusive to the company
Trade Name
Usually have the ® (registered) or ™ (Trade Mark)
symbol on drug labels
Trade Name
can be distinguished from generic name by capitalized first letter
Trade Name
The exact molecular formula of the drug
Chemical Name
Usually, a very long name and difficult to
pronounce and of little concern to the health care worker
Chemical Name
The drug discovery process
- Drug Discovery (10,000-15,000 compounds)
- Drug Development and Pre-Clinical Research (250 compounds, 3-6 years)
- Clinical Trials (4 Phases) (5 compounds, 10-15 years)
- New Drug Application and Review and Approval (1 or 0 approved drug, 0.5-2 years)
- Post-Market Drug Safety Monitoring
- New insights into a disease process
- Molecular testing
- Advancing technology
- Unanticipated effects of existing treatments
Drug Discovery
Results obtained at this stage determine whether a drug will move into the clinical research phase
Drug Development and Pre-Clinical Research
participants (20-100)
Phase I Clinical Trials
__ of drugs move to Phase II
~70%
Several hundred participants
Phase II Clinical Trials
__ of drugs move to Phase III
~33%
participants (300-3000)
Phase III Clinical Trials
participants with the disease/condition __ of drugs move to Phase IV
~25-30%
Several thousands participants
Phase IV Clinical Trials
Once a drug has demonstrated satisfactory efficacy and safety, a _____ can be made to the local or regional approving body in accordance with applicable requirements
new drug marketing authorization application
In the months and years following a drug’s marketing authorization, _____ is continuously carries out to ensure a more detailed detailed drug safety profile
drug safety monitoring
How Drugs are Categorized? / Drug Classification
- Chemical Group
- Mechanism of Action
- Primary Effect
Drugs that are classified based on the chemical
structure
Chemical Group
Examples: β-lactam antibiotic Benzodiazepine Cardiac glycoside Fibrate Opioid Thiazide diuretic Steroid
Chemical Group
Drug classes that share a common molecular
mechanism of action by modulating the activity of
a specific biological target
Mechanism of Action/Site of Action
For _____, these activities include agonist,
antagonist, inverse agonist, or modulator
receptors
target mechanisms include activator or inhibitor.
Enzyme
modulators include opener or blocker
Ion channel
promotes the action of receptor
agonist
reverse / blocks the action of receptor
antagonist
modulates the action of receptor
modulator
Examples: Incretin mimetic Cholinergic Dopaminergic GABAergic Serotonergic
Mechanism of Action/Site of Action
2 types of Primary Effect
- Mode of Action
- Therapeutic Effect
Drug classes that is categorized by the anatomical or
functional change the drugs induced
Mode of Action
Drug classes that is categorized by the pathology the
drugs treat
Therapeutic Effect
Examples: Diuretic or Antidiuretic Inotrope (positive or negative) Chronotrope (positive or negative) Bronchodilator Decongestant Antithrombotics Anticoagulant Sedative
Mode of Action (Primary Effect)
Examples: Analgesics Antibiotic Anticoagulant Antidepressant Anticancer Antiepileptic Antipsychotic Antiviral Sedative Antidiabetic Cardiovascular
Therapeutic Effect (Primary Effect)
no purchasing restrictions by the FDA
Over-the-counter (OTC)
prescription drug, determined unsafe for over-the-counter purchase because of possible harmful side effects if taken indiscriminately
Legend drug
includes birth control pills, antibiotics, cardiac drugs, hormones
Legend drug
indicated in the Physicians’ Desk Reference
Legend drug
drug controlled by prescription requirement because of the danger of addiction or abuse; indicated in references by schedule numbers
Controlled substance
Drug Actions
- Indications
- Actions
- Contraindications
- Cautions
- Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
- Interactions
a list of medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used
Indications
Example:
diphenhydramine hydrochloride [Benadryl], is a commonly used drug; indications include allergic rhinitis, mild allergic skin reactions, motion sickness, and mild cases of parkinsonism
Indications
a description of the cellular changes that occur as a result of the drug
Actions
This information tends to be very technical, describing cellular and tissue changes.
Actions
While it is helpful to know what body system is affected by the drug, this information is geared more for the pharmacist
Actions
Example:
as an antihistamine, Benadryl appears to compete with histamine for cell receptor sites on effector cells
Actions
a list of conditions for which the drug should not be given
Contraindications
Example:
Benadryl should not be given to pregnant or lactating mother
Contraindications
a list of conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observation for specific side effects when given the drug
Cautions
Example:
due to atropinelike activity, Benadryl must be used cautiously with patients who have a history of bronchial asthma, hypertension, or increased intraocular pressure
Cautions
a list of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects, other than the desired effect
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Examples:
sedation, dizzines, disturbed coordination, epigastric distress, anorexia, and thickening of bronchial secretions
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
The most common side effects is ____ in the manual
underlined or italicized
causes damage to the eighth cranial nerve, resulting in impaired hearing or ringing in the ears (tinnitus). Damage may be reversible or permanent
Ototoxicity
cause damage to the kidneys, resulting in impaired kidney function, decreased output, and renal failure
Nephrotoxicity
is an increased reaction to sunlight, with the danger of intense sunburn
Photosensitivity
a list of other drugs or foods that may alter the effect of the drug, and usually should not be given during the same course of therapy
Interactions
Example:
monoamine oxidase [MAO] inhibitors will intensify the effects of Benadryl
Interactions
