4.1 Drug Categories of Relevance to Radiography (Uses and impacts on Patient) Part 1 Flashcards
is the most frequently used antihistamine
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
It also has sedative and anticholinergic (drying) side effects
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
It can be given orally before the injection of iodinated contrast media to patients who are at risk of having an allergic reaction
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
may also be given intramuscularly (IM) or intravenously (IV) if the patient has an allergic reaction
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Short-acting corticosteroids that are anti-inflammatory medications that may also be prescribed before the injection of contrast media
Cortisone acetate
For patients with an acute allergic reaction, _____ is administered subcutaneously (SC),IM, or IV.
epinephrine (Adrenalin)
This drug stimulates the heart and the sympathetic nervous system. To control angioedema, shock, or respiratory distress
epinephrine (Adrenalin)
When patients with a severe or incapacitating allergic response do not appear to respond to the treatment just described, it may be administered IV
Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol)
This long-acting corticosteroid acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, preventing or reducing edema (swelling) of the tracheobronchial tree.
Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol)
This treatment minimizes the possibility of respiratory arrest
Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol)
This category includes antiseptics such as alcohol and Betadine
Antimicrobials
an iodine compound commonly used in radiology departments for skin preparations before sterile injection procedures
Antiseptics
are medications given to treat wound infections and infectious diseases
Antibiotics
can be subclassified as antibacterial, antifungal, and so on, according to the type of organisms against which they are most effective
Antibiotics
is used to treat specific infections of the urinary tract
Bactrim
are prescribed for patients with chronic seizure disorders
Anticonvulsant
When seizures are prolonged or follow closely, IV administration of medications such as ________ may be necessary
diazepam (Valium) or fosphenytoin (Cerebyx)
also used as a tranquilizer or sedative
Diazepam
For acute attacks of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular arrhythmia
Antiarrhythmics
It is the often drug choice for acute attacks of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular arrhythmia
amiodarone (Pacerone)
is administered as an IV infusion
amiodarone (Pacerone)
Both ventricular and atrial arrhythmias may be treated with ______, and several other drugs in this class
amiodarone, lidocaine, quinidine (Quinidex)
are drugs that can relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness
Analgesics
As a group, _____ are the most effective analgesics
Opioids
describes any drug, natural or synthetic, whose actions are similar to those of morphine
Opioids
The opioid family, whose name derives from opium, includes
morphine, codeine, and meperidine (Demerol)
is the more specific term applied only to natural opium derivatives
opiate
are drugs with a high potential for abuse and misuse and therefore are kept in a locked container
Controlled substances
Stocks of these medications must be counted daily, and when any medication is given it must be listed on forms that include the date, the patient’s name, the dose, and the name and title of the person administering the medication
Controlled substances
act by depressing the central nervous system, relieving pain, and producing drowsiness
Opioids
Among the most frequently prescribed analgesic are
morphine sulfate (MS) and hydromorophone hydrochloride (Dilaudid)
injectable medications
morphine sulfate (MS) and hydromorophone hydrochloride (Dilaudid)
another highly potent (powerful) opioid analgesic, is given to patients who are sensitive to other analgesics or to those who are not responding to such medications with adequate pain relief
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
The action of ______ is almost immediate and lasts 30 to 60 minutes after IV administration. It is supplied at a strength of ______, and the usual dose is _____
Sublimaze,
50 micrograms per milliliter (mcg/ml),
1 to 2 ml
is a life-threatening side effect, so narcotic antagonist medication and resuscitation equipment should be immediately available
Respiratory depression
Analgesics with a low potential for side effects, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and naproxen sodium, are classed as ________ and are frequently used to alleviate discomfort
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
exert a quieting effect, often inducing sleep
Sedatives or tranquilizers
They are not analgesics but may provide relief from pain by promoting muscle relaxation
Sedatives or tranquilizers
reduce anxiety and mental tension more effectively than sedatives and often provide some sedation as well
Tranquilizers
are tranquilizers commonly prescribed as premedication for various interventional diagnostic procedures
Lorazepam (Ativan) and diazepam (Valium)
more commonly given tranquilizers
Lorazepam
For amnesia and sedation, ______ is often used because the onset of its action occurs in only 1.5 to 5 minutes and the peak effect is almost immediate
midazolam (Versed)
are sedatives and were formerly used as preoperative medications
Phenobarbital and other barbiturates
is still used with other medications to treat patients with seizures
Phenobarbital
have a tranquilizing effect and may be given with morphine to patients who are anxious and in pain
Benzodiazepine drugs, such as lorazepam and diazepam
When _____ is injected IV, it is administered slowly, taking at least 1 minute for each 5 mg (1 ml) given
Valium
is sometimes given when a previous administration of an analgesic or tranquilizer has not relaxed the patient or relieved pain
Midazolam (Versed)
are benzodiazepine drugs that may be given to produce relaxation and/or sedation, as previously described
Ativan, Valium, and Versed
is a medication developed to counteract the effect of Ativan, Valium, and Versed
Flumazenil (Romazicon)
can antagonize the sedation and the impairment of recall and psychomotor function produced by benzodiazepines
Flumazenil (Romazicon)
counteracts the effects of opiates, such as morphine, and prevents or reverses respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension
Naloxone (Narcan)
A rapid reversal of _____ can cause nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, and nervousness.
opiate depression
can be administered SC or IM, the most rapid onset of action is obtained with a dilution of _____ in saline or 5% dextrose in water administered IV
Naloxone (Narcan)
is a local anesthetic injected to eliminate sensation in a specific area before a painful procedure
Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
is provided in a variety of strengths and is available with or without epinephrine
Xylocaine
The addition of _______ in Xylocaine causes constriction of adjacent blood vessels and localizes the anesthetic effect to the immediate area
epinephrine
a skeletal muscle relaxant that may be given to facilitate insertion of an endotracheal airway or to initiate diagnostic studies and treatment for patients who are combative because of shock, fear, or intoxication
Paralytic Agent
There are three basic types of paralytic agents:
- short-term agents such as succinylcholine chloride (Anectine) are effective for a period of 10 to 30 minutes;
- intermediate paralytic agents such as mivacurium (Mivacron) have a maximum duration of 35to45 minutes;
- long-acting agents, for example, metocurine and gallamine, have a maximum duration of 2 to 3 hours
These drugs are used to control the level of glucose in the blood, primarily as a treatment for diabetes mellitus
Hypoglycemic Agents
is treated with insulin
Type I diabetes mellitus
is often treated with oral agents: a sulfonylurea (Amaryl or Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinase), rosiglitazone (Avandia), or metformin (Glucophage)
Type II, or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
purpose of the medication
Therapeutic effect
predictable action or effect of a drug other that that desired
Side effect
poisonous, potentially lethal
Toxic effect
overreaction, underreaction, unusual reaction
Idiosyncratic effect
characteristics response to an allergen
Allergic response
responses to combined drugs that differ from their individual effects
Synergistic effect
its cause is usually, drug binds to receptor sites on cells
Therapeutic effect
its cause is related to the chemical and therapeutic characteristics of the medication
Side effect
its cause is inadequate excretion, impaired metabolism, overdose, or drug sensitivity
Toxic effect
its cause is unknown, unique to individuals
Idiosyncratic effect
its cause is prior sensitization to an initial dose of the medication or one of its components
Allergic response
its cause is chemical or physiological drug interaction
Synergistic effect
stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, causing relaxation of smooth muscles of bronchi (bronchodilation); vasoconstriction; cardiac stimulation
Adrenergics (vasoconstrictors)
block the production of epinephrine in the body, causing dilation of blood vessels (Vasodilation) and decreased cardiac output; used as an antihypertensive
Adrenergic blocking agents
relieve pain
Analgesics
promote loss of feeling or sensation
Anesthetics
prevent or relieve cardiac arrhythmias (dysrrythmias)
Antiarrhythmics
depress the parasympathetic nervous system and act as antispasmodics of smooth muscle tissue, decrease contractions, saliva, bronchial mucus, digestive secretions and perspirations, used as preparation for surgery and endoscopy to suppress secretions
Anticholinergics
inhibit the clotting mechanism of the blood, used to keep intravenous (IV) lines and arterial catheters open during diagnostic procedures
Anticoagulants
prevent blood clots following heart attack or stroke
Anticoagulants
inhibit convulsions
Anticonvulsats
relieve or prevent depression
Antidepressants
relieve or prevent vomiting
Antiemetics
treat or prevent fungal infections
Antifungals
relieve the symptoms of allergic reactions
Antihistamine
suppress the growth of mircoorganism
Antimicrobials
slow peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract
Antiperistaltics
treat psychoses, schizophrenia
Antipsychotics
reduce fever
Antipyretics
reduce coughing
Antitussives
prevent or treat viral diseases
Antivirals
depress the central nervous system, respirations, and blood pressure, induce sleep
Barbiturates
dilate smooth muscle, used to treat asthmas attacks and some allergic reactions
Bronchodilators
restrain or slow heart activity
Cardiac depressants
strengthen and tone the heart; increase cardia output
Cardiac stimulants
stimulate peristalsis; promote defection
Cathartics
stimulate the flow of urine
Diuretics
induce vomiting
Emetics
lower blood sugar level
Hypoglycemics
analgesics sedative (narcotics) with a potential for addiction; classified as controlled substances under the Harrison act
Opioids
prevent or counteract respiratory depression and depressive effects of morphine and related drugs
Opioid antagonists
radioactive forms of elements used for diagnosis and treatment
Radioisotopes
depress and relax the central nervous system and reduce mental activity
Sedatives
relaxes skeletal and striated muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle relaxants
stimulate the central nervous system
Stimulants
reduce anxiety
Tranquilizers
relax the walls of blood vessels, permitting a greater flow of blood
Vasodilators
Epinephrine (Adrenalin), ephedrine (Isuprel), metaraminol bitrate (Aramine), phenylephrine hydrochloride (Neo-Synephrine), norepinephrine bitartrate (Levophed)
COMMON SIDE EFFECTS:
Dry Mouth
Adrenergics (vasoconstrictors)
Methyldopa (Aldomet), clonidine (Catapres), prazosin (Minipress)
COMMON SIDE EFFECTS:
Fatigue, light-headedness
Adrenergic blocking agents
