9.1 cell communication

Question 1

what does effective signaling require?

Answer 1

a ligand and receptor protein

Question 2

what do you call a signaling molecule

Answer 2

a ligand

Question 3

a molecule to which the signal binds

Answer 3

receptor protein

Question 4

process of converting the information of a signal into a cellular response

Answer 4

transduction

Question 5

how do cells pick a signal

Answer 5

based on the number and kind of receptor molecules

Question 6

4 basic mechanisms for cell communication

Answer 6

direct contact
paracrine signaling
endocrine signaling
synaptic signaling

Question 7

a cell sending a signal to itself (important in the immune system)

Answer 7

autocrine signaling

Question 8

molecules on the plasma membrane of one cell contact the receptor molecules on an adjacent cell

Answer 8

direct contact

Question 9

short-lived signal molecules are released into the extracellular fluid and influence neighboring cells (local)

Answer 9

paracrine signaling

Question 10

long-lived hormones enter the circulatory system and are carried to target cells a distance away

Answer 10

endocrine signaling

Question 11

short-lived neurotransmitters are released by neurons into the synapse between nerves and target cells

Answer 11

synaptic signaling

Question 12

association of a neuron and its target cell

Answer 12

chemical synapse

Question 13

intracellular events caused by a signaling event

Answer 13

signal transduction

Question 14

addition or removal of a phosphate group

Answer 14

phosphorylation

Question 15

how does phosphorylation alter a protein

Answer 15

by turning its activity on or off

Question 16

an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to proteins

Answer 16

protein kinase

Question 17

an enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a protein

Answer 17

phosphatase