9 Water-Based Fire Suppression Systems Flashcards
Types of water based fire suppression systems
Automatic sprinkler systems Waterspray fixed systems Water mist systems Foam water systems Standpipe and hose systems Fire pumps
What systems are designed to control contain or extinguish fires in the incipient stage
Automatic sprinklers.
Waterspray.
Watermist.
Foam water
Of the fires inside of sprinklered buildings what percentage were controlled or extinguished by the system
94%
Most fires and sprinklered structures are controlled by how many sprinkler heads
Five or fewer
Fire deaths in one and two family dwellings can be reduced by up to what % with the installation of sprinkler is
82%
Four types of sprinkler systems
Wet pipe.
Dry pipe.
Deluge.
Pre-action
Open sprinklers attached to unpressurized dry pipes. System activated when detection device senses fire and opens water flow control valve all sprinklers discharge water simultaneously
Deluge sprinkler system
Continually charge with air that may or may not be pressurized. System only operates on both sprinkler opens and detection device in seeing area activate water flow control valve
Pre-action sprinkler system
What pipe system continually charge with antifreeze solution
Anti-freeze sprinkler system
Wet pipe system that uses sprinkler system to circulate water for non-fire protected building services
Circulating close loop system
System where detection device activate water flow control valve, releases pressurized air system, and waters discharged when head opens
Combined dry pipe and pre-action system
System of parallel cross mains connected together by multiple branch lines. any activated sprinkler will receive water from both means. Advantage of water flow from multiple directions
Gridded sprinkler system
System of interconnected cross mains that provide multiple routes for water to reach any point. Branches are not connected
Looped sprinkler system
System to operate repeatedly in response to detection device. Turn on and off based on demand of device
Multi cycle sprinkler system.
Protection systems are generally divided into two broad categories
Systems that detect hazardous conditions
Systems that control hazardous conditions
Every automatic sprinkler system must have a water supply of adequate
Volume pressure and reliability
What determines the minimum waterflow the sprinkler system
The hazard being protected, occupancy classification, fuel loading
Water flow control valves for sprinkler services must be what type
Indicating type
What type of valve is a post-indicator valve
Gate valve
Similar to a PIV except that it extends horizontally through the wall with the valve operating not on the outside of the building
Wall post-indicator valve WPIV
Post-indicator valve assembly PIVA
Similar to PIV except it uses a butterfly valve
Valve has a hollow metal post attached to the valve housing inside the valve stem there a target words that say open or shot
Post-indicator valve PIV
This valve is located on the riser and used to flow water for the purpose of testing the waterflow alarm sprinkler system may be located in a remote part of the piping
Alarm test valves
This is used to limit the flow of water to One Direction placed in the water supply line
Check valve
Designed as a small hand wheel type of valve that usually turns counterclockwise to open and clockwise to close. Inspector test valve
Globe valve
Used for drains an alarm testing sometimes known as stop or cock valve most commonly open or close with quarter turn
Ball drip valves
Sprinkler systems start with what
Underground water supply main
Vertical sections of pipe that connects the underground supply to the rest of the piping system
System risers
Risers supply what type of pipe that directly serve a number of branch lines
Crossmain
Sprinkler heads are installed on the branch lines with short vertical sections of pipe called
Nipple risers
Traditional method for designing sprinkler systems that designates maximum number of sprinklers a given size of pipe can supply limited to light and ordinary hazards
Pipe schedule table
Method for arranging pipes that his computer design based on the type of occupancy and hazard. Most accurate method and cost-effective design
Hydraulic calculations
Type of sprinkler head designed to suppress fires in high challenge hazards such as warehouses. Developed as a result of research into residential type sprinklers that must react rapidly to protect life in the room of origin
Early suppression fast response
Sprinkler head designed to cover an area of 20 x 20’
Extended coverage
Sprinkler head designed to produce large water droplets
Large drop
Sprinkler head designed to direct 40-60% of its discharge in a downward direction. And it may be altered to be an upright position with deflector flipped
Old-style or conventional
Sprinkler head designed with an open orifice
Open
Sprinkler head designed to provide increased life safety and hotels motels in similar residential occupancies
Quick response early suppression
Sprinkler head designed to provide increased life safety and hotels motels with a larger coverage area than QRES
Quick response extended coverage
Design for fast response and residential occupancies were life safety in the room of origin his primary concern
Residential, RES
Sprinkler head designed to protect special hazards
Special
Sprinkler head designed for use in storage areas under minimum operating pressure
Specific application control mode
Sprinkler head designed for use in general types of occupancies replaced old style or conventional and maybe this is a bright or pendant and take longer to activate than residential or quick response
Standard spray, SS
Sprinkler head designed for use in situations that require a special water discharge pattern
Nozzle
Sprinkler head designed specifically for use in high rack storage spaces
Intermediate level or rack storage
Sprinkler head installed downward from the branchline
Pendant
Most common type of sprinkler release mechanisms
Fusible links
glass bulbs
chemical pallets
Sprinklers are rated by their activation temperatures which may be stamped
On the sprinkler
Activates based on the maximum temperature expected at the level of the sprinkler under normal conditions
Specific application sprinkler
Activates pre-action and a dry pipe systems by smoke Heat rate of rise in protected area
Electronic Heat detector
Device measuring temperature in which to electrical conductors of dissimilar metals such as copper and iron are joined at the point where Heat is applied
Thermocouple
And what type of sprinkler system will sprinklers discharge water when the sprinkler thermocouple activates
Pre-action system
Residential sprinklers require how many minutes of supply water
10 minutes
If the residential structure is less than 2000 ft.² and no more than one story and height what is the required flowrate
Two sprinklers times seven minutes of operation
For residential structures such as hotels and motels what is the minimum required water supply for sprinklers
30 minutes supply
Minimum waterflow and gallons per minute for individual sprinkler in residential
18 gallons per minute
Major difference between residential sprinklers and standard sprinklers
Sensitivity or speed of operation residentials operate faster
In one into family dwellings sprinklers can be omitted from the following areas
Bathrooms less than 55 ft.². Small closets less than 24 ft.². Garages. Porches. Carports. Uninhabited attics. Entrance hallways
Spacing for sprinklers and residential systems is a maximum of how many square feet
144 ft.² per sprinkler
Maximum space in between sprinklers and residential is how many feet apart
12 feet apart
Maximum allowable distance of the residential sprinkler from the wall is
6 feet
Some residential sprinklers can be spaced to protect and area as large as
20 x 20’
The sprinkler spacing of 20 x 20’ the minimum discharge pressure is increased to
32.5 GPM for one head and 22.5 GPM per sprinkler for two operating
Residential sprinklers are different from standard sprinklers and that they are designed to discharge water how
Higher up in the room
Minimum pipe size to be used in a residential sprinkler system
Half inch
Minimum GPM for water supply for residential sprinklers
18 GPM for single sprinkler. 13 GPM for two or more sprinklers
Waterspray fixed fire suppression systems are similar to but
Not considered an automatic sprinkler system.
Waterspray fixed systems are used generally for specific or general hazards such as
flammable gas and liquid materials Electrical equipment Class a Hazardous solids exposure protection
For site with an explosion hazard what type of system might be used
Ultra high-speed Waterspray fixed system
A Watermist system is similar to a Waterspray fixed system except
It discharges a fine mist of water that absorbs larger quantities of heat
Water missed systems raise the humidity in the room high enough to hold
The combustion process
Water missed systems are currently used to protect the following types of hazards
Gas jet fires. Computer equipment and rooms. Flammable and combustible liquids. Hazardous solids. Plastic fun furnishings. Aircraft passenger cabins. Ordinary class a.
The basic pressure ranges a water most system operates
Low pressure
Intermediate
High
Psi of a low pressure mist system
175 psi
Psi of an intermediate mist system
175-500 psi
Psi of a high pressure mist system
500+ psi
Water mist systems work similarly to a deluge system in that
The nozzles are open and require two or more initiating devices to activate system
Water supply should. Last at minimum how long for water mist
30 min
Foam water system is. A hybrid of
Automatic sprinkler and foam extinguishing
Foam water system is basically what type of system with foam introduced into it through educator and aerating nozzles
Deluge
Foam water may stem foam expands how many times
6-8
Foam system contains the following components
Foam concentrate Pump Metering valve Strainer System piping Actuation unit
Class I standpipes are for use by who
Firefighters
Class I standpipes are threaded with
2.5” and possible reduced to 1.5”
Class I standpipes are for use by whom
Trained building occupants
Class I standpipes hose systems are composed of
1.5” thread, hose nozzle.
Class iii standpipes hose systems are what type
Combination of I and ii. Have both 1.5” hose and thread and a 2,5” coupling
Standpipes system contains water in system. Pressure constantly maintained when water supply control valve is opened
Automatic wet standpipe system
Standpipe system that contains air under pressure. Water sent to station once valve is opened or switch is activated.
Automatic dry standpipe
Standpipe system that contains unpressurized air and admits water automatically through use of dry pipe Valve when hose valve is opened
Semiautomatic dry standpipe
Standpipe system that contains unpressurized air and has not permanent water supply. Needs to be fed by FDC
Manual dry
Standpipe system that maintains water from domestic system to detect leaks but no permanent source and needs FDC connection
Manual wet standpipe system
Most desirable type of standpipe systems
Automatic wet with auto water supply.
Water supply for class I and ii standpipe systems bust provide what flow
500 gpm for at least 30 min with residual pressure of 100 psi at most remote 2.5 outlet.
What residual pressure is required for the most remote 1.5” standpipe outlet
65 psi
If more than one standpipe riser and connection is needed the water supply must provide how many gpm per outlet
250 gpm for reach additional riser with a max of 2500 gpm
Horizontal standpipe systems that supply three or more class I and iii stations requires a minimum flow rate of
750 gpm
For a class ii horizontal system what flow must be provided for the standpipe system at the highest outlet
100 gpm, for 30 min with residual pressure of 64 psi
Water supply for standpipes in highrises are generally from
Fire pumps
For class I and III systems in a highrise less than 100’, the minimum riser diameter is
4”
Class I and iii standpipe system riser size in highrises over 100’
6”,
4” for top 100’
Class ii standpipe riser size under 50feet
2”
Class ii riser size over 50’
2.5”
Class ii riser requirements over 275’ high
Must be divided into sections
Buildings with combine sprinkler and standpipe riser minimum size is
6”
Stand Pips should be placed so that no part of the floor is how far from a connection
130’
Actual Jose connections of standpipes can be located no further than what from any floor level
6’
True false class I and iii systems may require a standpipe 2.5” outlet on the roof
True
Standpipe Roof connections are required in what circumstances
Combustible roof
Combustible structure or equipment on roof
Exposures that present hazard
If standpipe discharge pressure exceeds 100 psi at the outlet, what is required
Pressure relating device.
Pressure regulating device that consists of simple constricting orifice in waterway
Pressure restricting device
Pressure restricting devices are limited to what circumstances
1.5” systems and 175 max pressure
Pressure control devices
Preferred method for controlling standpipe pressure. Gauge to read pressure may or may not be adjustable
Pressure reducing devices
Preferred for managing excessive pressure, spring and plunger.
Pressure regulating devices for standpipes are notorious for
Failures
Highrises with two or more standpipes zones require how many FDC
One for each zone
Height beyond effective fire engine pumping capacity for standpipes
450’
Main purpose of a fire pump is to
Increase pressure of water flowing through it
Small capacity high pressure pump used to maintain constant pressure on the fire protection system
Jockey pump
5 types of centrifugal fire pumps
Horizontal split case Vertical split case Vertical inline Vertical turbine End suction
Most common type of fire pump found in stationary fire suppression systems
Horizontal split case
Horizontal split case is aka
Horizontal shaft pump
Pressure exerted at the bottom by a stationary column of water directly proportional to the height
Head pressure
Horizontal split case pumps pressurize incoming municipal water and is not self priming. Therefore
It cannot draft from a static source.
Mot common gallons rating for horizontal split case pump
500-1500 gpm
Horizontal split case pumps are not specifically rated for psi like engine pumps and are available as low and high as
40 psi to 290 psi
Fire pump similar to horizontal except shaft is runs vertically
Vertical split Case
Single stage pump designed to fit into an intake, discharge line with drive above the impeller
Vertical Inline
Vertical inline pump is rated up to what gpm and psi
1500 gpm and 165 psi
Vertical turbine pumps are very useful for
Lifting water from source below pump , up to 500 psi
End suction pump is similar to split shaft horizontal except
They have centerline suction and discharge
End suction pumps are rated at what psi and gpm
40-150 psi and 50-750 gpm
Source of p,owner that operates fire pump
Driver
Most common method for driving fire pump
Electric motor driver
1000 gpm pump at 100 psi would require what hp motor
80 hp
Diesel pump drivers need to be tested how often
Weekly for 30 min
Fire pumps start when they detect
A drop in system pressure
Temp rating for Uncolored or black ordinary sprinkler
135-170
Temp rating for blue high sprinkler
250-300
Temp rating for white intermediate sprinkler
175-225
Temp rating for red extra high sprinkler
325-375
Temp rating for green very extra high sprinkler
400-475
Temp rating for orange ultra high sprinkler
500-575
During preacceptance inspections inspectors should particularly take notice to
Pipe hangers
Acceptance tests are performed on all water based systems when
Installation is complete and done by contractor.
Auto sprinkler should be inspected when
During any normal scheduled inspection
Inspections for water base suppression systems typically start where
In the riser room
When inspecting a piv, what should be ensured
Bolts are tight, wrench in place and barrel casing intact
On a water flow control valve inspectors should look for the following conditions
Alarm line shutoff valve is completely open
Valves to pressure gauges are open
Static pressure above the clapper valve should be equal to or greater than
Static pressure below clapper
Main drain aux drains and inspector drains should be in what position
Closed
In dry systems the sprinkler riser room needs to be at least what temp
40 degrees f
In a wet system, the areas where pipes are need to be at least what temp
40 degrees f
What size in the main drain for risers 4” and up
2”
System air pressure in dry systems should be between what psi
15-20 psi
Inspectors only witness the sprinkler test they do not perform it on automatic systems because of the
Liability
What extra sprinklers heads are required on hand along with a wrench
One of each temp rating
Creeping or sliding of fusible link, indication of weak sprinkler, is called
Cold flow
Cold flow is eliminated by
Using higher temp sprinkler or frangible bulb
Obstructions from sprinkler heads, depending on type, should be how far from the head
18-36”
For a water spray fixed system, inspectors should ensure a response time of less than
40 seconds
For ultra high speed water spray fixed systems, the reaction time should be less than
100 milliseconds
Empty air cylinders for water most should be hydro tested how often
5 years
In discharged air cylinders in water most systems should be emptied and tested every
12 years
Dry pipe standpipe systems should be hydro tested how often
Every 5 years
Stationary fire pumps should be tested and inspected how often
Weekly
Private water main supplies are flow tested
Every 5 years
Hydrants should be tested by opening the cap and flowing water for no less than
1 min
Dry barrel hydrants should completely drain in how long
No more than 1 hour
